[268] For the _ioculator regis_, cf. Appendix E, and Leach, _Beverley MSS._ 179. He is called ‘jugler’ in _N. H. B._ 67. Is he distinct from the royal _gestator_ (_gestour_, _jester_)? Both appear in the Shrewsbury accounts (s. ann. 1521, 1549). In 1554 both _le jugler_ and _le gester_ were entertained. The _gestator_ seems to have merged in the _stultus_ or court fool (ch. xvi). The accounts in App. E often mention the royal bearward, who remained an important official under Elizabeth. [269] 2 _Hen. IV_, ii. 4. 12. [270] Cf. Appendix H (i). [271] Courthope, i. 445; A. Lang, s.v. _Ballad_ in _Enc. Brit._ and in _A Collection of Ballads_, xi; _Quarterly Review_ (July, 1898); Henderson, 335; G. Smith, 180. But I think that Gummere, _B. P. passim_, succeeds in showing that the element of folk-poetry in balladry is stronger than some of the above writers recognize. [272] Sidney, _Apologie for Poetrie_ (ed. Arber), 46 ‘Certainly I must confess my own barbarousness. I never heard the old song of _Percy and Douglas_, that I found not my heart moved more than with a trumpet. And yet is it sung but by some blind Crowder, with no rougher voice than rude style.’ For the Puritan view, see Stubbes, i. 169. [273] Ritson, ccxxiv, quotes the following lines, ascribed to Dr. Bull (†1597), from a _Harl. MS._, as the epitaph of minstrelsy: ‘When Jesus went to Jairus’ house (Whose daughter was about to dye), He turned the minstrels out of doors, Among the rascal company: Beggars they are, with one consent, And rogues, by Act of Parliament.’ [274] _Du Vilain au Buffet_ (Montaiglon-Raynaud, iii. 202): ‘Li quens manda les menestrels, Et si a fet crier entr’els Qui la meillor truffe sauroit Dire ne fere, qu’il auroit Sa robe d’escarlate nueve. L’uns menestrels a l’autre rueve Fere son mestier, tel qu’il sot, L’uns fet l’ivre, l’autre le sot; Li uns chante, li autres note, Et li autres dit la riote, Et li autres la jenglerie; Cil qui sevent de jouglerie Vielent par devant le conte; Aucuns i a qui fabliaus conte, Où il ot mainte gaberie, Et li autres dit l’_Erberie_, Là où il ot mainte risée.’ Cf. p. 67; also the similar list in Wace, _Brut_, 10823, and _Piers Plowman_, Passus xvi. 205: ‘Ich can nat tabre ne trompe · ne telle faire gestes, Farten, ne fithelen · at festes, ne harpen, Iapen ne iogelen · ne gentelliche pipe, Nother sailen ne sautrien · ne singe with the giterne.’ [275] Gautier, ii. 63; Strutt, 207. L. T. Smith, _Derby Accounts_ (Camden Soc.), 109, records a payment by Henry of Bolingbroke when in Prussia in 1390-1 ‘cuidam tumblere facienti ministralciam suam.’ See miniatures of tumblers (Strutt, 211, 212), stilt-dancing (ibid. 226), hoop-vaulting (ibid. 229), balancing (ibid. 232-4), a contortionist (ibid. 235).