A new note, of acute and even violent controversy, was introduced into the Protestant drama by the fiery heretic, Thomas Kirchmayer, or Naogeorgos. Kirchmayer wrote several plays, but the most important from the present point of view is that of _Pammachius_ (1538), written during his pastorate of Sulza in Thuringia before his extreme views had led, not merely to exile from the Empire, but also to a quarrel with Luther. The _Pammachius_ goes back to one of the most interesting, although of course not one of the most usual, themes of mediaeval drama, that of Antichrist; and it will readily be conceived that, for Kirchmayer, the Antichrist is none other than the Pope. It is interesting to observe that the play was dedicated to Archbishop Cranmer, whose reforming _Articles_ of 1536 had roused the expectations of Protestant Germany. It was translated into English by John Bale, and was certainly not without influence in this country[650]. Both the merely edifying and the controversial type of Lutheran drama, indeed, found its English representatives. To the former belong the _Christus Redivivus_ (1543) and the _Archipropheta_ (1548) of the Oxford lecturer, Nicholas Grimald, one of which deals, somewhat exceptionally at this period, with the Resurrection, the other with John the Baptist. The _Absalon_ of Thomas Watson, the _Jephthes_ of John Christopherson (1546)[651], and the _Sodom_, _Jonah_, _Judith_, _Job_, _Susanna_, and _Lazarus and Dives_ of Ralph Radclif (1546-56)[652], can only conjecturally be put in this class; and Nicholas Udall, who wrote an _Ezechias_ in English, certainly did not commit himself irrecoverably in the eyes of good Catholics. John Palsgrave’s _Ecphrasis_ or paraphrase of _Acolastus_ (1540) is supplied with grammatical notes, and is conceived wholly in the academic interest. On the other hand controversy is suggested in the titles of Radclif’s _De Iohannis Hussi Damnatione_, and of the _De Meretrice Babylonica_ ascribed by Bale to Edward VI[653], and is undeniably present in the _Christus Triumphans_ (1551) of John Foxe, the martyrologist. This, like _Pammachius_, to which it owes much, belongs to the Antichrist cycle.