In a very rare work by Padre José de Arriaga, published in Lima, 1621, it is shown that the Indians among whom this priest was sent on a special tour of investigation were still practicing their old idolatrous rites in secret. This work may be found quoted in Montesinos, Mémoires sur l'Ancien Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 17; the title of Arriaga's work is Extirpacion de la Idolatría de los Indios del Peru. Arriaga also states that the functions of the priesthood were exercised by both sexes. It will only be after we have thoroughly routed the medicine-men from their intrenchments and made them an object of ridicule that we can hope to bend and train the mind of our Indian wards in the direction of civilization. In my own opinion, the reduction of the medicine-men will effect more for the savages than the giving of land in severalty or instruction in the schools at Carlisle and Hampton; rather, the latter should be conducted with this great object mainly in view: to let pupils insensibly absorb such knowledge as may soonest and most completely convince them of the impotency of the charlatans who hold the tribes in bondage. Teach the scholars at Carlisle and Hampton some of the wonders of electricity, magnetism, chemistry, the spectroscope, magic lantern, ventriloquism, music, and then, when they return to their own people, each will despise the fraud of the medicine-men and be a focus of growing antagonism to their pretensions. Teach them to love their own people and not to despise them; but impress upon each one that he is to return as a missionary of civilization. Let them see that the world is free to the civilized, that law is liberty. FOOTNOTES: [533] Relation of the Voyage of Don Fernando Alarcon, in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508. [534] Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 288. [535] Davis, ibid., pp. 280, 284, 285. [536] Ibid., pp. 277, 292. [537] Catlin, North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 2, p. 117. [538] Tanner's Narrative, p. 188. [539] Journal, p. 289. [540] North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 1, p. 135. [541] Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 32, quoting Bastian. [542] Coxe, Russian Discoveries between America and Asia, London, 1803, p. 254. [543] Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, pp. xxix, 112. [544] Ibid., vol. 1, p. 68. [545] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, pp. 67, 72, 74. [546] Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, Amsterdam, 1739, vol. 2, pp. 28, 29. [547] Ibid., p. 29. [548] Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, book 2, p. 77. [549] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, p. 61. See also Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 93. [550] Citations, Common place Book, p. 395, London, 1872. [551] Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 310, 311. [552] Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 310. [553] Holiday Customs of Ireland, pp. 381 et seq. [554] Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 325. [555] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, p. 56.