[187] The Comte Louis de Chateaubriand (1790-1873) followed a military career. In 1823 King Louis XVIII. created him heir-presumptive to his uncle's peerage. In 1830 he resigned his commission at the same time that his uncle withdrew from the House of Peers. In 1870, when eighty years of age, he refused to leave Paris, and inscribed his name on the register of the defenders of the besieged capital. He died at the Château de Malesherbes, 14 October 1873.--B. [188] "Dear orphan, of thy mother the close type, Of Heaven above I ask for thee below The happy days snatched from thy sire ere ripe, The children whom your uncle may not know."--T. [189] ADDISON, _Cato_, Act V. sc. I.--T. [190] Rev. John Clement Ives (_d._ 1812) was incumbent of Ilketshall St. Margaret, near Bungay, and of Great Holland in Essex.--T. [191] Giuditta Pasta (1798-1865), _née_ Negri, a famous Italian operatic singer of Jewish birth. Her celebrity commenced in 1822, the year in which Chateaubriand is writing, and lasted until 1835, when she retired into private life.--T. [192] _Inferno_, I.--B. [193] Order of Marriage according to the Catholic ritual.--T. [194] Admiral Sir John Sutton was gazetted an Admiral of the Blue on the 12th of August 1819. I have no certainty that either Ives or Sutton (spelt Sulton in the original) are the real names of the individuals of whom Chateaubriand speaks, although I have succeeded in establishing that there was a clergyman of the name of Ives residing at Bungay in 1795, and an Admiral Sir John Sutton on the Navy List in 1822.--T. [195] Jacques Callot (1593-1635), a painter, engraver, and etcher of the first order; his works amount to nearly 1600 pieces, and include an array of immensely powerful grotesque subjects, in which he caricatures the vices and absurdities of mankind.--T. [196] VIR., _Æn._, I. 357.--B. [197] Chateaubriand began to write the _Essai_ in 1794; the work was printed in London in 1796, and published in the beginning of 1797. It formed one volume, large 8vo, of 681 pages, without counting prefaces, tables of contents, etc. The full title ran: _Essai historique, politique et moral sur les Révolutions anciennes et modernes, considérées dans leur rapports avec la Révolution françaises. Dédié à tous les partis._ With this epigraph: _Experti invicem sumus ego et fortuna._--TACITE. And at the foot of the title-page: _A Londres: Se trouve chez_ J. DEBOFFE, _Gerrard-Street_; J. DEBRETT, _Piccadilly_; Mme. LOWES, _Pall-Mall_; A. DULAU ET CO., _Wardour-Street_; BODSEY, _Broad-Street_; et J.-F. FAUCHE, _à Hambourg._ The author's name did not appear in the first edition.--B. [198] Auguste Jacques Lemierre (_circa_ 1760-1815). He also translated Thomson's _Castle of Indolence_ and some German works. He died in hospital, under a false name, of a disease arising from his excesses.--T.