[426] Christophe de Beaumont (1703-1781), successively Bishop of Bayonne, Archbishop of Vienne, and Archbishop of Paris (1746), the redoubtable adversary of both the Jansenists and Philosophers.--T. [427] In Nos. 27, 28, and 29 of the Year X. (1802) of the _Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique._ The articles were subsequently collected into a pamphlet.--B. [428] It was published on the 24th of Germinal Year X. (14 April 1802), by Migneret, 28, rue du Sépulcre, Faubourg Saint-Germain and Le Normant, 43, rue des Prêtres-Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, in five volumes 8vo (the fifth volume consisting entirely of notes and elucidations), with the title, _Génie du Christianisme, ou Beautés de la religion chrétienne_, by François Auguste Chateaubriand. The first page of each volume bore the following epigraph, suppressed in the later editions: "Chose admirable! la religion chrétienne, qui ne semble avoir d'objet que la félicité de l'autre vie, fait encore notre bonheur dans celle-ci." MONTESQUIEU, _Esprit des Lois_, XXIV., iii.--B. [429] Baruch, or Benedict, Spinoza (1632-1677), the Portuguese-Jewish philosopher of Amsterdam. His system of pantheism is set forth in his _Ethica_ and other works.--T. [430] Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was born a Protestant, became a Catholic, and then a professional sceptic. His reputation rests upon his famous _Dictionnaire historique et critique_ (1697), with which he paved the way for Voltaire and his friends.--T. [431] Claude Henri Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) was the founder of a sect, based upon more or less Socialistic principles, extinguished by ridicule, and finally dissolved by the Courts for its attacks upon public morals in 1833. Its author attempted suicide in 1823, but escaped with the loss of an eye.--T. [432] Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of the Phalansterian movement, based upon the Communistic principle.--T. [433] The system maintaining the simple humanity of Christ, and denying His divinity.--T. [434] Publius Licinius Gallienus, Roman Emperor (233-268), gave leave to Plotinus to build a town in Campania, to be recalled Platonopolis; but the project fell through.--T. [435] Plotinus (_circa_ 205--_circa_ 270) opened his school of Neo-Platonic philosophy in Rome about the year 245.--T. [436] Attila, King of the Huns (_d._ 453), when descending into Italy in 452 after his defeat in France, was stopped outside Rome by Pope St. Leo the Great, who persuaded him to return back after exacting a tribute from the Emperor Valentinian III.--T. [437] Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (1767-1830), the well-known publicist and Liberal politician.--T. [438] Népomucène Louis Lemercier (1772-1840), a member of the French Academy, and author of a number of plays and poems all of a remarkable character. The finest is his tragedy of Agamemnon. He was one of the first to break through Boileau's rule of the three unities in dramatic literature.--T.