[Footnote 176: Louis Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877) occupied Cabinet positions from 1832 to 1836, and was Prime Minister from May to October 1840. His _Histoire du consulat et de l'empire_ was published from 1845 to 1862. He was a conspicuous member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies from 1848 to 1851, and was arrested by Louis Napoleon at the time of the _coup d'État._ In 1863, he was elected to the Legislative Body, and led the opposition against the Imperial Government. On the 31st of August 1871, he was declared President of the French Republic for a term of three years, but resigned on the 24th of May 1873. Thiers had been a member of the French Academy since 1834.--T.] [Footnote 177: Franços Auguste Marie Mignet (1796-1884), author of the _Histoire de la révolution française de_ 1789 _à_ 1814 (1824) and a number of other notable historical works. He was received into the French Academy in 1836.--T.] [Footnote 178: Nicolas Armand Carrel (1800-1836), an historian and journalist, killed in a political duel on the 22nd of July 1836.--T.] [Footnote 179: On the 5th of May 1830, the Duc d'Angoulême held a review at Toulon of the fleet which was about to set sail for Algiers. It consisted of 675 men-of-war and merchant-ships, including no less than 11 battle-ships, 24 frigates and 70 war-ships of lesser strength. This day represented Fortune's last smile upon the House of Bourbon, which found France exhausted, impoverished, crushed beneath the weight of unutterable disasters and was about to leave her free, prosperous and powerful, with admirable finances and a superb fleet; which found her vanquished, humiliated, trodden under foot by four hundred thousand invaders and was about to bequeath to her the surest and fairest of all conquests, accomplished under the eyes and despite the threats of trembling England.--B.] [Footnote 180: Charles V. lost a fleet and an army at Algiers in 1545.--T.] [Footnote 181: Bossuet's funeral oration on the Empress Maria Theresa.--T.] [Footnote 182: Charles Lenormant (1802-1859), the French archæologist and numismatist.--T.] [Footnote 183: Jean Jacques Champollion Figeac (1778-1867), the noted archæologist.--T.] [Footnote 184: Auguste Théodore Hilaire Baron Barchou de Penhoen (1801-1855), was a staff-captain in the Algerian Expedition, resigned his commission in order not to serve the government of Louis-Philippe, and devoted himself to literature and philosophy.--B.] [Footnote 185: BARON BARCHOU DE PENHOEN: _Mémoires d'un officier d'état-major_, p. 427.--_Authors Note._] [Footnote 186: In his Speech from the Throne, Charles X. announced the Algerian Expedition, declaring that the insult shown to the French flag by a barbarous Power would not long remain unpunished, and that a brilliant reparation was about to satisfy the honour of France. The same evening, some friends, among whom was M. Villemain, had gathered in Chateaubriand's drawing-room: