[Footnote 426: Charles Ledru, a young advocate gifted with a real talent, was soon eclipsed by another republican advocate of the same surname, Auguste Ledru. The latter, wishing to avoid the confusion that would certainly have been established between himself and Charles Ledru, added the name of his maternal great-grandmother to his own, and became known as Ledru-Rollin.--B.] [Footnote 427: Charles Philipon (1800-1862), the brilliant draughtsman, founder of the _Caricature_ (1831), the _Charivari_ (1834) and, after 1848, the _Journal amusant_, the _Musée français_ and the _Petit journal pour rire._ It was during one of his many trials that Philipon invented and drew the "pear" which was thenceforth to become the symbol of the head of Louis-Philippe. The next day, the walls of Paris were covered with it.--T.] [Footnote 428: He signs his verses, "J. Chopin, _employé au cabinet._"--T.] [Footnote 429: I omit these twenty lines.--T.] [Footnote 430: Félix Barthe (1795-1863), after being linked with the Carbonari and taking an active part in the Revolution of July, entered M. Laffitte's dislocated ministry on the 27th of December 1830, to replace the Minister of Public Instruction, M. Mérilhou. On the 12th of March 1831, in the new Casimir-Périer Cabinet, he exchanged the portfolio of Public Instruction for that of Justice. He kept the Seals until the 4th of April 1834, when he fell with the Broglie Ministry. He was then made a peer of France and President of the Audit Office. The Second Empire made him a senator.--B.] [Footnote 431: M. Demangeat.--B.] [Footnote 432: Pierre Clément Bérard (1798--_circa_ 1890). During the Hundred Days, being then seventeen years of age, he had enlisted in the corps of Royal Volunteers of the Paris School of Law and accompanied King Louis XVIII. to Ghent. In 1831 and 1832, he published a little weekly pamphlet, the _Cancans_, whose title varied with every number: _Cancans parisiens, Cancans accusateurs, Cancans courtisans, Cancans inflexibles, Cancans saisis, Cancans prisonniers_, etc. Each issue ended with a song. It was, as it were, a resurrection, after 1830, of the _Actes des Apôtres_ of Rivarol, Champeenetz and their friends, with the same violence and also the same pluck and spirit. Only, the Cancans were edited, not by a company of wits, but by M. Bérard alone: true, he was as witty as any four or forty. Seizures and prosecutions rained upon the Cancans and their author, who was at last condemned to fourteen years' imprisonment and a fine of thirteen thousand francs. Fortunately, he succeeded in escaping to Holland, thus exchanging prison for exile. In 1833, he published _Mon Voyage à Prague_ and then went to Rome, where the Legitimists had founded a bank in which Bérard accepted a clerkship. He was not again to leave the Eternal City, where he died, not very many years ago, an impenitent Royalist. His _Souvenirs sur Sainte-Pélagie en_ 1832 appeared in 1886.--B.]