[Footnote 8: Giulio Maria Cardinal Della Somaglia (1744-1830), created a cardinal in 1795, Bishop of Frascati (1814), and of Ostia and Velletri (1820). He had been exiled with Pius VII., and imprisoned for refusing to assist at Napoleon's wedding. As Dean of the Sacred College, he presided at the Conclave in 1829. On his death he left all his property to the Propaganda.--B.] [Footnote 9: Giuseppe Cardinal Albani (1750-1834), created a cardinal by Pius VII. in 1801, was made Legate at Bologna in 1814, and appointed Secretary of State by Pius VIII. in 1829.--T.] [Footnote 10: Francesco Xaviero Cardinal Castiglioni, Bishop of Frascati, later Pope Pius VIII. (1761-1830). He was elected Pope on the 31st of March 1829, assumed the name of Pius VIII., and died on the 30th of November 1830, after a reign of twenty months only.--T.] [Footnote 11: Pietro Francesco Cardinal Galleffi (1770-1837), created a cardinal by Pius VII. in 1803.--B.] [Footnote 12: Tommaso Cardinal Arezzo (1756-1833), created a cardinal and Legate at Ferrara in 1815, and Vice-Chancellor of the Church in 1830.--T.] [Footnote 13: There is no canonical provision which gives the Powers the right to intervene in the operations of a conclave; but, as a matter of fact, France, Spain and Austria have up to these latter times exercised what was called the _exclusion_, in other words, each of them has been able to mention to the conclave the name of a cardinal whose election would have been displeasing to her. Without recognising any right whatever, the Sacred College takes note of these indications, considering that it would lead to difficulties for the Holy See if it were to elect a pope in the face of the declared hostility of a great Catholic Power. The _exclusive_ is very different, and belongs to the members of the conclave; it results from the votes which are refused to the candidate who would otherwise receive the majority required to ensure validity of election.--B.] [Footnote 14: Carlo Maria Cardinal Pedicini (1760-1843), created a cardinal by Pius VII. in 1823.--B.] [Footnote 15: Francesco Cardinal Bertalozzi (1754-1830), created a cardinal at the same time as Pedicini.--B.] [Footnote 16: Placido Cardinal Zurla (1769-1834), created a cardinal at the same time as the two former.--B.] [Footnote 17: Luigi Cardinal Micara (1775-1847), created a cardinal by Leo XII. in 1824.--B.] [Footnote 18: St. Peter, first Pope (_d._ 65 or 66), martyred in Rome with St. Paul, with whom he is honoured on the 29th of June.--T.] [Footnote 19: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (_circa_ 150--_circa_ 230), the great ecclesiastical writer, and one of the most famous Fathers of the Church.--T.] [Footnote 20: Caius Sempronius Gracchus (_d._ 121 B.C.) was elected Tribune of the People in 123, and re-elected in 122. He failed in his election in 121, and was killed in a disturbance in the city and his body thrown into the Tiber.--T.]