[Footnote 21: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (_circa_ 169 B.C.--133 B.C.), Caius' elder brother, was assassinated when on the point of being elected Tribune of the People for the second year in succession.--T.] [Footnote 22: St. Damasus I. (_circa_ 306-384), a native of Portugal, elected to the Papacy in 366. His election was contested by the Deacon Ursinus, who was expelled by force of arms. St. Damasus is honoured on the 11th of December.--T.] [Footnote 23: St. Gregory I. (_circa_ 540-604), known as the Great, was elected Pope in 590. He is commemorated on the 12th of March, the anniversary of his death.--T.] [Footnote 24: St. Leo IV. (_d._ 855), honoured 17 July, the anniversary of his death.--T.] [Footnote 25: St. Simplicius had followed a career of arms and married. The See of Bourges was offered to him many times, and refused. He at last accepted it, in 472, when elected by St. Sidonius Apollinaris, who had been chosen arbitrator of the quarrels that had ensued at Bourges. He is honoured on the 17th of June.--T.] [Footnote 26: Louis I. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of France (778-840), known as the Débonnaire, son of the Emperor-King Charlemagne, whom he succeeded in 814.--T.] [Footnote 27: Gerard of Burgundy, later Pope Nicholas II. (_d._ 1061), elected Pope in 1058.--T.] [Footnote 28: The third Lateran Council, held under Pope Alexander III. in 1179.--T.] [Footnote 29: Guy de Foulques, or Fulcoldi, later Pope Clement IV. (_d._ 1268), a native of Saint-Gilles in France, was first a soldier, then a lawyer, then secretary to St. Louis IX. The death of his wife led him to enter the Church. He became Bishop of Puy in 1256, Archbishop of Narbonne in 1259, a cardinal in 1262, and was elected Pope in 1265, while on a journey to England as Papal Legate.--T.] [Footnote 30: Teobaldo di Visconti, later Pope Gregory X. (_d._ 1276), elected Pope in 1271, after an interregnum of over two years.--T.] [Footnote 31: Pedro de Luna (_d._ 1424), a native of Aragon, anti-pope, under the style of Benedict XIII. He was elected by the French cardinals, while the Italians chose Boniface IX., after the death of the Anti-pope Clement VII. (1394).--T.] [Footnote 32: Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope Alexander VI. (1431-1503), created a cardinal in 1456, Archbishop of Valencia, in succession to his uncle, Pope Calixtus III., and elected Pope in 1492. There is no doubt that Borgia's election was due to bribery.--T.] [Footnote 33: Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (1480-1519), illegitimate daughter of Alexander VI. by Rosa Vanozza, married first Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, in 1493. This marriage was annulled by Alexander, who, in 1498, found a more ambitious match for her in Alphonsus of Bisceglie, a natural son of Alphonsus II. of Naples. Alphonsus having been murdered by her brother, Cesare Borgia, in 1500, she married, in 1501, Alphonsus of Este, who subsequently succeeded to the Duchy of Ferrara.--T.]