I should, however, point out that we are now only concerned with what
may be called _intrinsic_ objections to Egoistic Hedonism; arguments,
that is, against the possibility of obtaining by it the results at
which it aims. We are not now to consider whether it is reasonable for
an individual to take his own happiness as his ultimate end; or how far
the rules of action deduced from the adoption of this end, and from the
actual conditions of the individual’s existence, will coincide with
current opinions as to what is right. These questions, according to the
plan of my work, are postponed for future consideration:[108] our sole
concern at present is with objections tending to show the intrinsic
impracticability of Hedonism as a rational method.
We are met, in the first place, by an objection which, if valid at
all, must be admitted to be decisive. It has been affirmed[109] by
Green that “pleasure as feeling, in distinction from its conditions
that are not feelings, cannot be conceived.” If so, Rational Hedonism
would certainly be impossible: but the proposition seems equally
opposed to common sense, and to the universal assumption of empirical
psychologists; who, in investigating elaborately and systematically
the conditions, mental and physical, of pleasure and pain, necessarily
assume that these feelings can be distinguished in thought from their
“conditions which are not feelings.” I also find that the writer
himself from whom I have quoted, in a later treatise,[110] conducts
long arguments respecting pleasure which are only intelligible if the
distinction between pleasure and its conditions is thoroughly grasped
and steadily contemplated. Indeed he carries a distinction of this
kind to an extreme point of subtlety; as he requires us to distinguish
the “self-satisfaction sought in all desire that amounts to will” from
the “pleasure” that “there is in all self-satisfaction if attained”:
whereas other moralists regard self-satisfaction as a species of
pleasure.[111] To maintain that we can distinguish pleasure from
self-satisfaction, and cannot distinguish it from its conditions, seems
to me too violent a paradox to need refutation. It is possible that
Green may only mean that pleasure cannot be thought to exist apart from
conditions which are not feelings, and that it necessarily varies with
any variation in its conditions. The statement thus interpreted I do
not deny: but it is quite irrelevant to the question whether pleasure
can be _estimated_ separately from its conditions, or whether pleasures
received under different conditions can be quantitatively compared.
I cannot have the pleasure of witnessing a tragedy or the pleasure
of witnessing a farce, without having along with either a complex of
innumerable thoughts and images, very diverse in quality in the two
cases: but this does not prevent me from deciding confidently whether
the tragedy or the farce will afford me most pleasure on the whole.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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