To this, however, it has been answered, that in estimating pleasure
there is no conceivable appeal from the immediate decision of
consciousness: that here the Phenomenal is the Real--there is no other
real that we can distinguish from it. And this seems to me true, in so
far as we are concerned only with the present state. But then--apart
from the difficulty just noticed of observing a pleasure while it is
felt without thereby diminishing it--it is obvious that in any estimate
of its intensity we are necessarily comparing it with some other state.
And this latter must generally be a representation, not an actual
feeling: for though we can sometimes experience two or perhaps more
pleasures at once, we are rarely in such cases able to compare them
satisfactorily: for either the causes of the two mutually interfere, so
that neither reaches its normal degree of intensity; or, more often,
the two blend into one state of pleasant consciousness the elements of
which we cannot estimate separately. But if it is therefore inevitable
that one term at least in our comparison should be an imagined
pleasure, we see that there is a possibility of error in any such
comparison; for the imagined feeling may not adequately represent the
pleasantness of the corresponding actual feeling. And in the egoistic
comparison, the validity of which we are now discussing, the objects
primarily to be compared are all represented elements of consciousness:
for we are desiring to choose between two or more possible courses of
conduct, and therefore to forecast future feelings.
Let us then examine more closely the manner in which this comparison is
ordinarily performed, that we may see what positive grounds we have for
mistrusting it.
In estimating for practical purposes the value of different pleasures
open to us, we commonly trust most to our prospective imagination:
we project ourselves into the future, and imagine what such and
such a pleasure will amount to under hypothetical conditions. This
imagination, so far as it involves conscious inference, seems to be
chiefly determined by our own experience of past pleasures, which are
usually recalled generically, or in large aggregates, though sometimes
particular instances of important single pleasures occur to us as
definitely remembered: but partly, too, we are influenced by the
experience of others sympathetically appropriated: and here again we
sometimes definitely refer to particular experiences which have been
communicated to us by individuals, and sometimes to the traditional
generalisations which are thought to represent the common experience of
mankind.
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