I do not see how these questions, or the difficulties noticed in the
preceding paragraph, can be met by any analysis of our common notion
of Justice. To deal with such points at all satisfactorily we have, I
conceive, to adopt quite a different line of reasoning: we have to ask,
not what services of a certain kind are intrinsically worth, but what
reward can procure them and whether the rest of society gain by the
services more than the equivalent reward. We have, in short, to give up
as impracticable the construction of an ideally just social order,[227]
in which all services are rewarded in exact proportion to their
intrinsic value. And, for similar reasons, we seem forced to conclude,
more generally, that it is impossible to obtain clear premises for
a reasoned method of determining exactly different amounts of Good
Desert. Indeed, perhaps, Common Sense scarcely holds such a method
to be possible: for though it considers Ideal Justice to consist in
rewarding Desert, it regards as Utopian any general attempt to realise
this ideal in the social distribution of the means of happiness. In the
actual state of society it is only within a very limited range that
any endeavour is made to reward Good Desert. Parents attempt this to
some extent in dealing with their children, and the State in rewarding
remarkable public services rendered by statesmen, soldiers, etc.: but
reflection on these cases will show how very rough and imperfect are
the standards used in deciding the amount due. And ordinarily the only
kind of Justice which we try to realise is that which consists in the
fulfilment of contracts and definite expectations; leaving the general
fairness of Distribution by Bargaining to take care of itself.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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