A beginner with the micro-spectroscope should first make himself fully acquainted with the spectroscope by holding it up to the sky and noting the effects of opening and regulating the slit, by rotating the screw C, Figs. 195 and 197. The lines will be well seen on closing down the opening. This screw diminishes the length of the slit, when the spectrum is seen as a narrow ribbon of prismatic colours. The screw E regulates the admission of light through the aperture above D. The better objects with which to commence the study of the absorption bands are, aniline dye, much diluted, madder, permanganate of potash, and blood. As each colour varies in refrangibility, the focus must be adjusted by the screw E. When it is desired to view the spectrum of a very minute object, the prisms should be removed by withdrawing the tube containing them, the slit set open, and the object brought into the centre of the field; the vertical and horizontal slits must then be partially closed up, and the prisms replaced, when a suitable objective is employed to examine the spectrum. For ordinary observations a magnifying power of an inch and a half or two inches will be suitable, but for small quantities of material a higher power must be employed, when a single blood corpuscle can be made to show its characteristic absorption band. After having obtained the best image of any object on stage, throw it slightly out of focus, and substitute the micro-spectroscopic eye-piece for the Huyghenian. Opaque objects should be examined by reflected light, by means of the bull’s-eye condenser, or side reflector. Mr. Sorby uses a binocular microscope, which enables him to regulate the focussing and throwing out of focus of the object. In examining crystals or other small objects, a small cardboard diaphragm should be placed beneath them; and when examining the spectra of liquids in cells, slip a small cap with a perforation of 1/10-inch in diameter over the tube containing the 1/2-inch or 2-inch objective. Substances which give absorption bands or lines in the red are best seen by artificial light, while those which show bands in the violet are better seen by daylight. By following rules of the kind we are less likely to mix the bands of the absorption spectrum with the Fräunhofer lines. For example, if the edge of a band happens to coincide with a Fräunhofer line, the observer is apt to imagine that the band is better defined and more abruptly shaded on one side than it really is. [Illustration: Standard Spectrum Scale. Cells for use with Spectroscope. Fig. 198.]