--------------+---------+------------+---------+----------------- States. | Area. |Population. | Average | Census of | | |to sq. m.| --------------+---------+------------+---------+----------------- France | 204,092 | 36,905,788 | 182 | December, 1876. Germany | 212,091 | 45,194,172 | 213 | December, 1880. Great Britain | 121,608 | 35,246,562 | 289 | April, 1881. Italy | 114,296 | 28,437,091 | 249 | December, 1879. Holland | 20,497 | 4,060,580 | 198 | December, 1880. Spain | 190,625 | 16,053,961 | 84 | December, 1877. Japan | 160,474 | 34,338,479 | 213 | 1877. Bengal | 156,200 | 68,750,747 | 440 | 1881. --------------+---------+------------+---------+----------------- All these are regarded as well settled countries, but England and Bengal are the only ones which exceed that of China, taken as a whole, while none of them come up to the average of the eastern provinces. All of them, China included, fall far short, however, of the average population on a square mile of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, in the reigns of Abijah and Jeroboam, if the 1,200,000 men brought into the field by them can be taken as a ratio of the whole number of inhabitants; or if the accounts given by Josephus of the density in his day are trustworthy. In estimating the capabilities of these European countries to support a dense population, allowances must be made for roads, pasture-lands, and parks of noblemen, all of which afford little or no food. In England and Wales, there are nearly twenty-nine millions of acres under cultivation, seventeen millions of which are pasture-lands, and only ten millions devoted to grain and vegetables; the other two millions consist of fallow-ground, hop-beds, etc. One author estimates that in England 42 acres in a hundred, and in Ireland 64, are pastures--a little more than half of the whole. There are, then, on the average about two acres of land for the support of each individual, or rather less than this, if the land required for the food of horses be subtracted. It has been calculated that eight men can be fed on the same amount of land that one horse requires; and that four acres of pasture-land will furnish no more food for man than one of ploughed land. The introduction of railroads has superseded the use of horses to such an extent that it is estimated there are only 200,000 horses now in England, instead of a million in 1830. If, therefore, one-half the land appropriated to pasture should be devoted to grain, and no more horses and dogs raised than a million of acres could support, England and Wales could easily maintain a population of more than four hundred to a square mile, supposing them to be willing to live on what the land and water can furnish.