In both cases it is evident that the conclusion is reached through a comparison of two or more judgments. This is the essential difference between judgment and reasoning. Whereas judgment discovers relations between concepts, _reasoning discovers relations between judgments, and from this evolves a new judgment which is the conclusion sought_. The example given well illustrates the ordinary method by which we reason to conclusions. DEDUCTION AND THE SYLLOGISM.--Logic may take the conclusion, with the two judgments on which it is based, and form the three into what is called a _syllogism_, of which the following is a classical type: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man, Therefore Socrates is mortal. The first judgment is in the form of a proposition which is called the _major premise_, because it is general in its nature, including all men. The second is the _minor premise_, since it deals with a particular man. The third is the _conclusion_, in which a new relation is discovered between Socrates and mortality. This form of reasoning is _deductive_, that is, it proceeds from the general to the particular. Much of our reasoning is an abbreviated form of the syllogism, and will readily expand into it. For instance, we say, "It will rain tonight, for there is lightning in the west." Expanded into the syllogism form it would be, "Lightning in the west is a sure sign of rain; there is lightning in the west this evening; therefore, it will rain tonight." While we do not commonly think in complete syllogisms, it is often convenient to cast our reasoning in this form to test its validity. For example, a fallacy lurks in the generalization, "Lightning in the west is a sure sign of rain." Hence the conclusion is of doubtful validity. INDUCTION.--Deduction is a valuable form of reasoning, but a moment's reflection will show that something must precede the syllogism in our reasoning. The _major premise must be accounted for_. How are we able to say that all men are mortal, and that lightning in the west is a sure sign of rain? How was this general truth arrived at? There is only one way, namely, through the observation of a large number of particular instances, or through _induction_.