Acid phosphates, which is phosphate rock treated with sulphuric acid--a more or less complicated process--and which product is usually purchased by small works. Muriate of potash, a substance known as kainit usually produced from mines in Germany, although some potash is being produced from sea weed in America. =Conversion Factors.=--The following table will be found handy for changing the bone quantity into another term, as for example, wishing to know the per cent of nitrogen if ammonia be expressed: CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply by A B A to B B to A Nitrogen Ammonia 1.2158 .8225 Nitrogen Nitrate of Soda 6.0678 .1648 Nitrogen Nitrate of Potash 7.2170 .1386 Nitrogen Protein 6.2500 .1600 Ammonia Nitrate of Soda 4.9906 .2004 Ammonia Nitrate of Potash 5.9358 .1685 Ammonia Protein 5.1404 .1945 Ammonia Sulphate of Ammonia 3.8791 .2578 Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Potash 1.1894 .8408 Actual Potash Muriate of Potash 1.5830 .6317 Actual Potash Sulfate of Potash 1.8500 .5405 Actual Potash Nitrate of Potash 2.1467 .4658 Actual Potash Carbonate of Potash 1.4671 .6816 Muriate of Potash Sulphate of Potash 1.1687 .8557 Muriate of Potash Carbonate of Potash .9268 1.0790 Phosphoric Acid Bone Phos. of Lime 2.1850 .4577 Carbonic Acid Carbonate of Lime 2.2748 .4396 CHAPTER XVII. CASINGS. DESCRIPTION OF BEEF CASINGS -- ROUND CASINGS, HOW MADE -- SELECTION OF ROUND CASINGS -- EXPORT CASINGS -- DOMESTIC ROUNDS -- BEEF MIDDLES -- TURNING AND SLIMING -- INSPECTION AND MEASURING -- BEEF BUNGS -- BUNG GUT SKINS -- BEEF BLADDERS -- BEEF WEASANDS -- PACKAGES -- SALT -- CLEANLINESS -- WATER TEMPERATURE -- MACHINES FOR CASINGS -- HOG CASINGS -- SMALL CASINGS. =Description of Beef Casings.=--Casing is a product made from the intestines of cattle, sheep and hogs. They are saved when animals are slaughtered in quantities sufficiently large to warrant the care and attention required. This was one of the products which was wasted where animals were slaughtered on a small scale. It is a product worthy of careful attention to its production in order that it be in a good, marketable condition. Casings consist of round or small guts, middle or large intestines, bungs, weasands and bladders, these being the names of casings obtained from cattle. In the preparation of casings there are five essential points to be considered: _First._--Clear water and plenty of it. _Second._--That they be handled promptly, otherwise they become discolored and color in casings has much to do with their value.