[Footnote 5226: Abée Elie Méric, "Le Clergé sous l'ancien régime," I., p. 26. (Ten universities conferred letters of appointment on their graduates.)--Abbé Sicard, "Les Dispensateurs," etc., p 876.--352 parliamentarians of Paris had an indult, that is to say, the right of obliging collators and church patrons to bestow the first vacant benefice either on himself or on one of his children, relations or friends. Turgot gave his indult to his friend Abbé Morellet, who consequently obtained (in June 1788) the priory of Thimer, with 16,000 livres revenue and a handsome house.--Ibid., p.887. "The bias of the Pope, ecclesiastical or lay patrons, licensed parties, indultaires, graduates, the so frequent use of resignations, permutations, pensions, left to the bishop, who is now undisputed master of his diocesan appointments, but very few situations to bestow."--Grosley, "Mémoires, etc.," II., p.35. "The tithes followed collations. Nearly all our ecclesiastical collators are at the same time large tithe-owners."] [Footnote 5227: An inferior class of priests, generally assigned to poor parishes.] [Footnote 5228: Abbé Elie Méric, ibid., p.448.] [Footnote 5229: Abbé Elie Méric, ibid., pp 392~403. (Details in support.)] [Footnote 5230: Abbé Richandeau, "De l'ancienne et de la nouvelle discipline de l'Église en France," p. 281.--Cf. Abbé Elie Méric, ibid., ch. II. (On the justice and judges of the church.)] [Footnote 5231: Mercur, "Tableau de Paris," IV.,chap. 345. "The flock no longer recognize the brow of their pastor and regard him as nothing but an opulent man, enjoying himself in the capital and giving himself very little trouble about it."] [Footnote 5232: "Le Monde" of Novem. 9, 1890. (Details, according to the Montpellier newspapers, of the ceremony which had just taken place in the cathedral of that town for the remission of the pallium to Mgr. Roverié de Cabrières.] [Footnote 5233: "Encyclopedie théologique," by Abbé Migne, ix., p.465. (M. Emery, "Des Nouveaux chapitres cathédraux," p.238.) "The custom in France at present, of common law, is that the bishops govern their dioceses without the participation of any chapter. They simply call to their council those they deem proper, and choose from these their chapter and cathedral councillors."] [Footnote 5234: Ibid., id.: "Notwithstanding these fine titles, the members of the chapter take no part in the government during the life of the bishop; all depends on this prelate, who can do everything himself, or, if he needs assistants, he may take them outside of the chapter." --Ibid., p. 445. Since 1802, in France, "the titular canons are appointed by the bishop and afterwards by the government, which gives them a salary. It is only the shadow of the canonical organization, of which, however, they possess all the canonical rights."]