“The cleansing of earthclosets, privies, ashpits, and cesspools belonging to any premises; “They may make byelaws imposing the duty of such cleansing or removal, at such intervals as they think fit, on the occupier of any such premises. “An urban authority[157] may also make byelaws for the prevention of nuisances arising from snow, filth, dust, ashes, and rubbish, and for the prevention of the keeping of animals on any premises so as to be injurious to health”[158] (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 44). There is also another clause in the Public Health Act 1875, which is as follows: “Any urban authority may, if they see fit, provide in proper and convenient situations receptacles for the temporary deposit and collection of dust, ashes, and rubbish; they may also provide fit buildings and places for the deposit of any matters collected by them in pursuance of this part of this Act” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 45). The result of the above comprehensive clauses upon the subject of scavenging is that the following duties fall upon the town surveyor where that officer is responsible for such work: (1.) “The removal of house refuse from premises.” This work, like all the rest which follows, can be done either by the local authority themselves or by contract, the former method, as I hope presently to show, being much the best system. In connection with this first duty of the removal of house refuse, the following points will have to be considered: (_a._) What is house refuse? (_b._) What is the best manner of storing it on the premises pending the visit of the scavenger? (_c._) Which are the best methods for its collection? (_d._) Which are the best methods for its disposal? (2.) “The cleansing of earthclosets, privies, ashpits, and cesspools.” This work where necessary (owing to the want of a system of sewerage) can be carried out simultaneously with the collection of house refuse and in almost the same manner. (3.) “The proper cleansing of streets.” In connection with this duty the following points must be considered: (_a._) The best methods for sweeping and cleansing streets. (_b._) If machinery effects such work better and more economically than hand labour. (_c._) The extra work involved by the bad construction of streets, or the ill chosen materials of which they are formed. (_d._) Whether private streets, courts and alleys, “not repairable by the inhabitants at large,” should be swept and cleansed by the local authority? (_e._) The ultimate disposal of excessive accumulations of mud. (_f._) The removal and disposal of snow. (4.) “The proper watering of streets for the whole or any part of their district.” In considering this question it is necessary to note: (_a._) The best form of vehicle for carrying and spreading the water. (_b._) The number, position, and description of standpipes. (_c._) Whether vehicles, or fixed standpipes and hose are best.