Gulley gratings or buddle holes should be placed along the line of channel at such intervals as may be found necessary. A great number of different forms have been from time to time introduced for this purpose, the objects to be considered being: (1.) Sufficient area to carry off all the water. (2.) Not easily choked on surface by leaves or other debris. (3.) Sufficiency of pit to retain all sand or road detritus and prevent it being washed into the sewer. (4.) The least possible obstruction to the traffic. (5.) Constructed so that the pit may easily be cleaned out. (6.) Trapped so as to prevent the escape of sewer gas.[111] (7.) The drain from it should be easily freed of any obstruction. One of the best forms of gully pit is that manufactured by Messrs. Oates and Green of Halifax, as it meets nearly all the requirements which I have summarised as being necessary for this description of work. The following drawing will explain itself: [Illustration] What is called a “buddle hole,” which is an opening under the kerb, has much to recommend it as giving a free unobstructed waterway and at the same time avoiding the necessity of a grating in the street itself. The following drawing will explain the general features of this “buddle-hole:” [Illustration] A great number of different descriptions and forms of gully pits are shown in Mr. Baldwin Latham’s excellent book on sanitary engineering, to which I refer my readers for any further information upon this subject. [110] ‘The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads,’ by Thomas Codrington, p. 18. [111] In many towns the gully gratings are purposely in direct communication with the sewers, so as to act as ventilators. CHAPTER XIII. LIGHTING STREETS. At the present moment the question of lighting streets by electricity is gaining so much attention, that it must necessarily be first considered in connection with the subject of lighting streets: but to enter fully into all the details and comparative merits of electricity and gas as applied to street lighting would entail more space than can be afforded in this work. It may however be of some use, even under the present state of uncertainty, if I attempt to condense as much information upon this necessary part of a surveyor’s duty into as small a compass as possible. Nor must it be forgotten that electric lighting will not easily be adapted in old cities and towns, where, in addition to the main streets being narrow and crooked, there are few large open spaces suitable for intense lights, and there are numerous small courts and alleys which require lighting, and this for a long time to come will probably be effected with gas.[112] Section 161 of the Public Health Act 1875 enacts as follows: