Strange as it may seem to our Western egoism, the prospect of sharing in the general, impersonal immortality of the human soul kindles in the Sūfī an enthusiasm as deep and triumphant as that of the most ardent believer in a personal life continuing beyond the grave. Jalāluddīn, after describing the evolution of man in the material world and anticipating his further growth in the spiritual universe, utters a heartfelt prayer--for what?--for self-annihilation in the ocean of the Godhead. “I died as mineral and became a plant, I died as plant and rose to animal, I died as animal and I was man. Why should I fear? When was I less by dying? Yet once more I shall die as man, to soar With angels blest; but even from angelhood I must pass on: all except God doth perish. When I have sacrificed my angel soul, I shall become what no mind e’er conceived. Oh, let me not exist! for Non-existence Proclaims in organ tones, ‘To Him we shall return.’” BIBLIOGRAPHY _A._ GENERAL Tholuck, F. A. G., _Ssufismus sive Theosophia Persarum pantheistica_ (Berlin, 1821). In Latin. Out of date in some respects, but still worth reading. Palmer, E. H., _Oriental Mysticism_ (Cambridge, 1867). A treatise on Persian theosophy, based on a work by Nasafī. Von Kremer, A., _Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams_ (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 52-121. A brilliant sketch of the origin and development of Sūfism. Goldziher, I., _Vorlesungen über den Islam_ (Heidelberg, 1910), pp. 139-200. An account of Sūfī asceticism and mysticism by the greatest living authority on Islam. Goldziher, I., _Muhammedanische Studien_ (Halle, 1888-90), Part ii., pp. 277-378. Gives full details concerning the worship of Moslem saints. Macdonald, D. B., _The Religious Life and Attitude in Islam_ (Chicago, 1909). A valuable introduction to the study of the moderate type of Sūfism represented by Ghazālī. The chapters on psychology are particularly helpful. Iqbal, Shaikh Muhammad, _The Development of Metaphysics in Persia_ (London, 1908), pp. 96 ff. Gibb, E. J. W., _History of Turkish Poetry_ (London, 1900-1909), vol. i. pp. 15-69. Outlines of Persian philosophic mysticism. Browne, E. G., _Literary History of Persia_ (London, 1902), vol. i. pp. 416-444. Brown, J. P., _The Dervishes, or Oriental Spiritualism_ (London, 1868). Unscientific, but contains much interesting material. Depont, O., and Coppolani, X., _Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes_ (Algiers, 1897). A standard work on the Dervish Orders. _B._ TRANSLATIONS Hujwīrī, _Kashf al-Mahjūb_, translated by R. A. Nicholson (London, 1911). The oldest Persian treatise on Sūfism. ʿAttār, _Le Manticu ’ttair ou le Langage des Oiseaux_, translated, with an essay on the philosophical and religious poetry of Persia, by Garcin de Tassy (Paris, 1864).