The pronoun for the class to which _mtengo_ (anciently _umtengo_) belongs is _u_, which is quite clearly seen before the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to fall.’ In the possessive pronoun and the adjective, it is a little disguised, because it becomes _w_ before another vowel (_watu_ = _u_ + _atu_). The plural of this is: _Mitengo yatu i-ri yetari, i-dza gwa._ Here the pronoun is _i_, or, before a vowel, _y_. _R_ and _L_ are interchangeable; the verb ‘to be’ is usually _li_ after _a_ and _u_, _ri_ after _i_. Another class is thus exemplified: _Chiko_ _chánga_ _chabwino_ _chi-dza-sweka_. Gourd my good it will be broken. In the plural: _Ziko zanga zabwino zidzasweka._ YAO _Lu-peta_ _a-lu_ _lu-li_ _lu-angu_ _ngunu-lu-jasika_, _lu-enu_ Basket this is mine not it is lost yours _’lu-la lu-jasiche._ that is lost. Here the prefix is _lu_. (‘This basket is mine, it is not lost; yours is lost.’) In the plural: _Mbeta asi sili syangu, nginisijasika, syenu ’sila sijasiche._ The plural prefix corresponding to _lu_ is _izim_ (_isim_), or _izin_, and _p_ following this prefix changes to _b_; hence (_isi_)_mbeta_ is the plural of _lupeta_. There are very few adjectives in the Bantu languages; their place may be supplied by a noun preceded by the possessive particle corresponding to the word ‘of’: thus _chiko chabwino_ is literally ‘a gourd of goodness.’ There are a good many verbs which can be used where we should use adjectives, as _ku ipa_, ‘to be bad’ (_ku_ is the sign of the infinitive); _ku uma_, ‘to be dry,’ etc. Verbs can express, by means of changes in the stem, a number of modifications in their meaning which we have to convey by separate words. These modifications are usually called ‘forms,’ but are really extensions of the principle of ‘voice.’ We have to be content with two voices—the active and passive, with traces of a middle; Hebrew has seven; some Bantu languages have as many as nine or ten; while, counting the secondary and tertiary derivatives, and the compounds, the late W. H. Bentley reckoned out over three hundred forms of one verb, _all actually in use_, in the language of the Lower Congo.