There are two liquids that are peculiarly grateful to the human body, wine within and oil without; both of them the produce of trees, and most excellent in their respective kinds. Oil, indeed, we may pronounce an absolute necessary, nor has mankind been slow to employ all the arts of invention in the manufacture of it. How much more ingenious, however, man has shown himself in devising various kinds of drink will be evident from the fact, that there are no less than one hundred and ninety-five different kinds of it; indeed, if all the varieties are reckoned, they will amount to nearly double that number. The various kinds of oil are much less numerous—we shall proceed to give an account of them in the following Book. SUMMARY.—Remarkable facts, narratives, and observations, five hundred and ten. ROMAN AUTHORS QUOTED.—Cornelius Valerianus,[1567] Virgil,[1568] Celsus,[1569] Cato the Censor,[1570] Saserna,[1571] father and son, Scrofa,[1572] M. Varro,[1573] D. Silanus,[1574] Fabius Pictor,[1575] Trogus,[1576] Hyginus,[1577] Flaccus Verrius,[1578] Græcinus,[1579] Julius Atticus,[1580] Columella,[1581] Massurius Sabinus,[1582] Fenestella,[1583] Tergilla,[1584] Maccius Plautus,[1585] Flavius,[1586] Dossennus,[1587] Scævola,[1588] Ælius,[1589] Ateius Capito,[1590] Cotta Messalinus,[1591] L. Piso,[1592] Pompeius Lenæus,[1593] Fabianus,[1594] Sextius Niger,[1595] Vibius Rufus.[1596] FOREIGN AUTHORS QUOTED.—Hesiod,[1597] Theophrastus,[1598] Aristotle,[1599] Democritus,[1600] King Hiero,[1601] King Attalus Philometor,[1602] Archytas,[1603] Xenophon,[1604] Amphilochus[1605] of Athens, Anaxipolis[1606] of Thasos, Apollodorus[1607] of Lemnos, Aristophanes[1608] of Miletus, Antigonus[1609] of Cymæ, Agathocles[1610] of Chios, Apollonius[1611] of Pergamus, Aristander[1612] of Athens, Botrys[1613] of Athens, Bacchius[1614] of Miletus, Bion[1615] of Soli, Chærea[1616] of Athens, Chæristus[1617] of Athens, Diodorus[1618] of Priene, Dion[1619] of Colophon, Epigenes[1620] of Rhodes, Euagon[1621] of Thasos, Euphronius[1622] of Athens, Androtion[1623] who wrote on agriculture, Æschrion[1624] who wrote on agriculture, Lysimachus[1625] who wrote on agriculture, Dionysius[1626] who translated Mago, Diophanes[1627] who made an Epitome of the work of Dionysius, Asclepiades[1628] the Physician, Onesicritus,[1629] King Juba.[1630] BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES. CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE OLIVE.—HOW LONG IT EXISTED ONLY IN GREECE. AT WHAT PERIOD IT WAS FIRST INTRODUCED INTO ITALY, SPAIN, AND AFRICA.