1. _The affinities with Protonesia._--Much has to be done in this department; especially in regard to the indication of similar habits and customs; and in respect to the explanation of undoubted and important points of difference. Indeed, at the present moment, the proof of the Protonesian affinities with Polynesia is almost wholly philological. Still, of its kind, it is satisfactory and scientific. That isolated Malay words were to be found far beyond the proper Malay area was known as early as the time of Reland. By Marsden, Crawfurd, and others, the list was enlarged. The evidence, however, that the grammatical structure of the South-Sea languages was equally Protonesian with the vocabularies, forms the most valuable part of a late publication--the posthumous dissertation of W. Von Humboldt on the Kawi language of Java. In this the Tagala of the Philippines is taken as the sample of a Protonesian grammar in its most elaborate and complex form; a starting-point which explains the structure of the Polynesian and Malagasi tongues in a manner far beyond any amount of elucidation that could have been drawn from the comparatively simple structure of the proper Malayan. For all questions of this sort the great work just named is the thesaurus and repository. It is also the thesaurus and repository for all facts connected with the history of the Hindu influences on Protonesia. The other ethnological phænomena, _not_ philological, that naturally belong to this part of the subject, will be noticed under the third head. 2. _The differences between Polynesia and Micronesia._--Some of these have been noticed. None, however, have been of equal importance with the difference of language. The exact appreciation of their import is difficult. The fact of the bow and arrow being either not used at all, or used but little (according to the American explorers in their _games_, but not in their _wars_), must be taken as _relative_, rather than as a simple _negative_, fact. _a._ It is used in Kelænonesia. _b._ The parts of Polynesia where it is used (Samoa, De Peyster's Islands, and Tikopia) are the parts nearest to Kelænonesia. The absence of the tabu in Micronesia is, probably, less of an unqualified fact than it seems to be. In the Proper Polynesian form, and with the Polynesian name, it has probably no existence. In more than one Micronesian island, however, certain objects are held sacred, certain objects are generally prohibited, and certain objects are prohibited under certain conditions. _The Polynesian custom of drinking kava not Micronesian._--What applies to the tabu applies here. Kava, under the name of _kava_, and prepared, as in Polynesia, from the fermentation of the _root_ of the _piper methusticon_, is not drunk in Micronesia. _Shiaka_, however, is a beverage at Ualan (and probably elsewhere); and _shiaka_ is a fermentation of the leaves of the _piper methusticon_.