We are now in Siberia rather than in Central Asia; along the courses of large rivers rather than at their head-waters; and in a region of _tundras_, or flat barren morasses, rather than on elevated steppes. We are also in the country of the rein-deer and dog rather than the horse and sheep. Fishing and fur-hunting, too, will form a portion of the occupations of the Hyperborean Mongolidæ. These conditions, different as they are in many respects from the general conditions of the Turk and Mongolian Turanians, have still been met with before, _i.e._ with the Northern Ugrians, the Northern Tungusians, and the Yakuts. One of the nations about to be enumerated, occupies the most northern portion of the inhabited world, _i.e._ the Samöeids of the Northern promontory of Asia. HYPERBOREAN NATIONS AND TRIBES. _Physical conformation._--Undersized Mongols. _Languages._---Agglutinate; neither monosyllabic nor pauro-syllabic. _Political relations._--Subject to either Russia or China. _Religion._--Shamanism or imperfect Christianity. _Distribution._--The coasts of the Arctic Ocean; the courses of the Yenisey and Kolyma. Area _discontinuous_. _Divisions._--1. The Samöeids, 2. The Yeniseians. 3. The Yukahiri. The discontinuity of the Hyperborean area is to the following extent:-- _a._ The Samöeid class falls into two divisions, a northern and a southern; and these are separated from one another by Turk, Yeniseian, and Ugrian tribes. _b._ The Yeniseians are surrounded by Ugrians, Turks, and Tungusians, with which they have less affinity than with the Samöeids, from whom they are separated. _c._ The most western Yukahiri are separated from the most eastern Samöeids by Yakut Turks and Tungusians. This discontinuity of area must be taken along with two other facts. _a._ That the Hyperborean nations are nations of a _receding_ frontier. _b._ That the Turks, Tungús, and (in relation to the Hyperborean), the Ugrians, are nations of an _encroaching_ frontier. These give, as an inference, the probability of the three separate divisions having once been continuous; so that the original Hyperborean populations must be considered to have been broken up, and partially superseded by the Turks and Tungusians, and to exist, at present, only in the form of fragments. SAMÖEIDS. _SOUTHERN DIVISION (SOIOT)._ _Localities._--_a._ The parts around Lake Ubsa, within the limits of the Chinese Empire; the river Bashkus, which expands into the Lake Altin, or Teleakoi, and becomes one of the sources of the Obi. _b._ Tunkinsk, on the south-west extremity of the Lake Baikal, within the Russian territory. _c._ Abakansk on the left branch of the Upper Yenisey. From Abakansk, they moved eastwards in A.D. 1618. _d._ The River Uda between the two branches of the Upper Yenisey. _Tribes._--_a._ Of the Lake Ubsa, the Uriangchai or Soiot.