According to Klaproth,[89] speaking on the authority of Chinese writers, the present inhabitants of Korea represent the mixture of two separate populations; the true aborigines being the Koreans of the south, called by the Chinese, the _Sam Han_=_the three tribes of Han_. The northern are a people who came originally from a country lying to the northward of the Chinese province of Tshy-li, called by the Chinese writers _Sian-pi_. Whether this mixture, supposing it to be real, represents the juxtaposition of tribes, widely different or different in little more than name, is uncertain. Prichard, however, has truly remarked that the physical characters of both must have been nearly alike, inasmuch as they were each within the region where the Turanian type prevails. It may also be added that no traces of a second philological element in the difference between the Northern and the Southern Korean dialects have yet been pointed out. In a language, however, so imperfectly understood, this is not saying much. In regard to the physical difference between different Korean individuals no such negative statement can be made. Dr. Siebold[90] writes as follows:--"In the countenances of the Kooraïans we may recognise the characteristics of two different races of people. The nose pressed down near the inner angle of the orbit and expanding itself into broad alæ; the eyes obliquely placed, with the inner angles widely separated from each other; the greater projection of the cheek-bones; are marks of the race first described. But when the root of the nose is more raised and the nose more straight, the configuration of the countenance approaches to the stamp of the Caucasian type, and the form of the eyes is more like that of Europeans; the cheek-bones, too, are less prominent, and the sharp profile, which is wanting to the Mongolian race, now makes its appearance. The more the countenance belongs to the former cast the less beard does it display, whereas, in persons of a sharp profile, the beard is often rather strong. The skull is in these instances less compressed, the forehead, which elsewhere retreats, is straight, and the whole aspect of the countenance displays a certain noble expression which is looked for in vain in the rough traits of the Mongolian type." As evidence, however, to the presence of a foreign element of the kind implied in the Chinese account, this is imperfect--indeed I have no reason to believe that it is meant to be such--since it is not said by Dr. Siebold that this difference of feature coincides with the northern and southern portions of the population. THE JAPANESE. _Localities._--From south to north--the Lú Chú Islands, Kiúsiú, Sikoko, Nipon, the southern part of Jesso. _Political relations._--Independent. _Alphabet._--Not rhæmatographic. _Religion._--_a._ Of Chinese origin--1. That of Fo, modified; 2. The philosophical system of Confucius, modified. _b._ The original Paganism.