_Persia._--By Persia, is meant the half-restored empire of the Kalifs, so that it includes the whole country from Bokhara to Arabia, from Samarcand to Bagdad. Holagou is the grandson identified with this series of conquests; which embrace Syria, Asia Minor, and Armenia, and do _not_ embrace Ægypt. There the Mongolian was met and repulsed by the Mameluke. _Siberia._--Compared with the foregoing one, this was an ignoble conquest. Still it was made; and in 1242, the Samöeids were tributary to the Mongolians. _Tartary, Russia, Poland, Hungary._--The extreme point westward reached in this, the most distant of the invasions and conducted by Batoum, was Silesia. Here also I imagine that some portion of the interjacent Turks easily lent their help to the conqueror, and joined with him against such common enemies as the Slavonians. Still I have no historic evidence to this effect. To conclude--one hundred and forty years after the death of Zingis, a revolt of the Chinese expelled the Mongolian dynasty. Previous to this, the conquerors of Tartary, Russia, Bokhara, and Persia had become Tartars, Russians, Bokharians, and Persians; in other words they had renounced or forgotten their original ancestors of Mongolia. The Mongol religion is Buddhist; yet their alphabet is not of either Chinese or Indian origin. The earliest Mongol conquerors understood the value of literature, and soon after the death of Zingiz-Khan the language was reduced to writing; the alphabet, which was subsequently extended to the language of the Mantshu nation, having been adopted from that of the Uighur Turks. Amongst the Uighur Turks it was introduced by the Nestorian Christians, an influence of which the importance in these parts has yet to be duly appreciated. As such, its original source is the Syriac. Of the Syriac alphabets it is most like the Palmyrene. THE TONGUS BRANCH OF THE TURANIAN STOCK. _Distribution._--East and west, from the sea of Okhotsk, and the peninsula of Kamskatka to the Yenisey. North and South (South-East), from the coast of the Icy Sea, between the Yenisey and Lena, to the Yellow Sea. Conterminous with the Samöeids, Ostiaks, Yakuts, Turks, Mongols, Chinese, Koreans, Aino, Koriaks, and Yukahiri. _Political relations._--Subject to _a_, China, _b_, Russia. _Religion._--Buddhism, Imperfect Christianity, Paganism. _Particular divisions._--The Tshapojirs on the Lena, the Lamuts on the Sea of Okhotsk, the Mantshu rulers of China. _Dialects known by vocabularies._--_a_, Western--Yeniseian, Tshapojirs, Mangaseiesk, Orotong; _b_, Southern--Nerchinsk, Barguzin, Upper Angara, Yakutsk; _c_, Eastern--Okhotsk, Lamut; _d_, The Mantshu. Add to these the Niuji, an ancient dialect known from a Chinese vocabulary, and closely allied to the Mantshu. _Alphabet._--Mongolian; applied to the Mantshu dialect only.