1. In a people with an habitually encroaching frontier, no tribe described by earlier writers as lying _beyond_ its present geographical area, is to be considered as having formed part of it (_i.e._ the family with an encroaching frontier). 2. In a people with an habitually receding frontier, many tribes described by earlier writers as lying beyond its present geographical area may (and often must) be considered as so doing. Hence, in the present pair of instances, many localities once other than Turk are now Turk;[32] whilst, on the other hand, many localities once Ugrian are now other than Ugrian.[33] What, then, was the maximum extension southward of the Ugrian area before its frontier receded under the triple encroachments of the Turks of Russian Asia, the Russians of Russia, and the Norwegians and Swedes of Scandinavia? Possibly over the whole Scandinavian peninsula, possibly as far as the lower Don, Volga, and Dnieper. These, however, are geographical frontiers; frontiers less important, and less capable of solution than the ethnological ones. Were the Ugrians ever conterminous with other divisions of the human race than those which they come in contact with at present? There is no evidence that they were. What ancient nations were Ugrian? Omitting, for the present, the tribes of Scythia, we may answer that the following were certainly so. 1. The _Æstii_.--Modern Esthonians. 2. The _Finni_ and _Skrithifinni_. 3. The _Sitones_.--The Ugrians of the Baltic were known to the classical writers through the Germans. The names prove this. The _Æstii_ were the people _east_ of those who described them. The term _Finn_ is known to no Ugrian, but to their Gothic neighbours only. The notice of Tacitus as to the Sitones is similarly capable of explanation. The Finland word _kainu_=_a low country_. A portion of the Finlanders call themselves _Kainulainen_ (_Singular_), _Kainulaiset_ (_plural_). Now this sectional name in Finland is the general name in Scandinavia; so that the Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians call the Finlanders _Kwæn_. In Scandinavian, however, _Qvinde_=_women_. Hence, Tacitus was persuaded by his direct or indirect German informants that the Sitones were subject to female government.--"_Suionibus Sitonum gentes continuantur. Cætera similes, uno differunt, quod fœmina dominatur._"[34] Lest any doubt should remain as to Tacitus having been told of a country of women, I may add that-- _a._ Alfred[35] speaks of a _Cvenaland_=_land of Kwæns_. _b._ The Norse[35] Sagas of a _Kænugard_=_home of Kwæns_. _c._ Adam[35] of Bremen of _terra fœminarum_, and _Amazons_. The first two facts prove the name, the second the false interpretation of it.