The Nature of Animal LightHarvey, E. Newton (Edmund Newton)
Science
The Nature of Animal Light
Harvey, E. Newton (Edmund Newton)
Phosphorescence
Because the luciferin is almost completely precipitated by saturation
with (NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}, we may conclude that it occurs in water in the
colloidal state. This excludes it from belonging to one of the numerous
groups of biochemical compounds occurring in true solution and places it
among the known groups of colloidal substances, the soaps, proteins,
polysaccharides, phospholipins, galactolipins (_cerebrosides_), tannins
or saponins. It is not a polysaccharide because nearly completely
precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, nor a soap because not
precipitated by calcium salts, nor a phospho- or galactolipin because
insoluble in benzine, hot or cold. It gives no tannin or saponin tests.
Only the protein group remains, and of the eighteen protein classes
recognized by the American Society of Biochemists, the general
properties of luciferin indicate that it should be placed among the
natural proteoses, somewhere on the borderland between the proteoses and
peptones. The fact that luciferin will dialyze, although almost
completely salted out by (NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}, is strong evidence in favor
of placing it in such a position.
On the other hand, luciferin has two properties which to say the least
are unusual for proteins. I refer to its solubility in alcohols,
acetone, esters, etc., and non-digestibility by trypsin or erepsin,
which have almost universal proteolytic power.
The best known class of proteins soluble in alcohol is the prolamines of
plants, but the prolamines are insoluble in water and in absolute
alcohol. Zein, the prolamine of corn, is soluble in 90 per cent. ethyl,
methyl, and propyl alcohols, in glycerol heated to 150° C., and in
glacial acetic acid. Recently Osborne and Wakeman (1918) have described
a protein from milk having solubilities similar to those of gliadin, the
prolamine of wheat. Welker (1912) has described a substance, obtained
from Witte's peptone, giving the biuret, Millon, and Hopkins-Cole tests,
which is soluble in water and absolute alcohol but not in ether, and it
is possible that others of the peptones are soluble in absolute alcohol.
On the other hand, some proteins in the absence of salts form colloidal
solutions in strong alcohol from which they may be precipitated by an
appropriate salt. As the absolute alcohol extract of _Cypridinæ_ was
made from dry material containing the salts of sea water, some salt was
present, but there is always the possibility of sol formation.
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