The nature of man : $b Studies in optimistic philosophyMetchnikoff, Elie
Philosophy
The nature of man : $b Studies in optimistic philosophy
Metchnikoff, Elie
Human beings; Human biology; Life (Biology)
Death comes to the ephemerids in the midst of love, at the moment when
their sexual instincts are satisfied. It would be very interesting to
know the sensations of these creatures as they feel death come on them
in the act of reproduction. Naturally it would be impossible to obtain a
full answer to the question, but many interesting facts regarding it may
be ascertained. All the ephemerids, not only those the life of which is
so brief, but those that live for several days (_Chloë_, for instance),
are extremely easy to capture. It is unnecessary to take them unawares
or to use a net as in the case of flies, wasps, and many other insects.
Ephemerids may be taken with the fingers in the simplest way, because
they offer no resistance and show no desire to escape, although they
have six legs and two or four wings. This is not an isolated case, for
some other insects (as, for example, winged ants and aphides) allow
themselves to be captured with the same carelessness.
Although the adult ephemerids are careless, the wingless larvæ are
timid. When a tube is brought near them, among the water plants, with
the object of capturing them, they rapidly move off. It often requires
much patience and quickness to capture these larvæ (Fig. 20). The
instinct of preservation of life displays itself by rapid flight.
[Illustration:
FIG. 20.—Larva of an ephemerid (_Chloërufulum_).
]
It is remarkable that the adult insect has lost the instinct of
self-preservation. If it be touched it may move a short distance off,
but it does not take to flight although its wings are very large, and
its body, which of itself weighs little, is still lighter because the
digestive tube is filled with air and not with food. As a rule, an
ephemerid that has been touched does not even move off, but allows
itself to be captured without any resistance. It would not be accurate
to say that the larva’s instinct of self-preservation has been replaced
in the adult by an instinct for death; but it must be admitted that the
instinct of preservation has been totally lost. The lack of resistance
cannot be explained by any defect in the organs of sense. Not only are
the eyes of the larval stage fully preserved in the adult, but the adult
males have enormous eyes to enable them to recognise the female in the
turbulent flight which takes place at the close of the day. Ephemerids
of all ages possess well developed tactile organs, and it is thus in
spite of a highly organised sensory system that the adults offer no
resistance to enemies.
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