The nature of the physical worldEddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Philosophy
The nature of the physical world
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Physics -- Philosophy; Science -- Philosophy
Perhaps I may illustrate the peculiar conditions arising from the
wedge-shaped neutral zone by a rather hypothetical example. Suppose
that you are in love with a lady on Neptune and that she returns the
sentiment. It will be some consolation for the melancholy separation
if you can say to yourself at some—possibly prearranged—moment,
“She is thinking of me now”. Unfortunately a difficulty has arisen
because we have had to abolish Now. There is no absolute Now, but only
the various relative Nows differing according to the reckoning of
different observers and covering the whole neutral wedge which at the
distance of Neptune is about eight hours thick. She will have to think
of you continuously for eight hours on end in order to circumvent the
ambiguity of “Now”.
At the greatest possible separation on the earth the thickness of
the neutral wedge is no more than a tenth of a second; so that
terrestrial synchronism is not seriously interfered with. This suggests
a qualification of our previous conclusion that the absolute present
is confined to Here-Now. It is true as regards instantaneous events
(point-events). But in practice the events we notice are of more
than infinitesimal duration. If the duration is sufficient to cover
the width of the neutral zone, then the event taken as a whole may
fairly be considered to be Now absolutely. From this point of view the
“nowness” of an event is like a shadow cast by it into space, and the
longer the event the farther will the umbra of the shadow extend.
[Pg 50]
As the speed of matter approaches the speed of light its mass increases
to infinity, and therefore it is impossible to make matter travel
faster than light. This conclusion is deduced from the classical laws
of physics, and the increase of mass has been verified by experiment
up to very high velocities. In the absolute world this means that a
particle of matter can only proceed from Here-Now into the absolute
future—which, you will agree, is a reasonable and proper restriction.
It cannot travel into the neutral zone; the limiting cone is the track
of light or of anything moving with the speed of light. We ourselves
are attached to material bodies, and therefore we can only go on into
the absolute future.
Events in the absolute future are not absolutely Elsewhere. It would
be possible for an observer to travel from Here-Now to the event in
question in time to experience it, since the required velocity is less
than that of light; relative to the frame of such an observer the event
would be Here. No observer can reach an event in the neutral zone,
since the required speed is too great. The event is not Here for any
observer (from Here-Now); therefore it is absolutely Elsewhere.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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