[47] Hayford: _Native Institutions_, pp. 95-96. [48] Ratzel, II, 376. [49] Hayford: _Native Institutions_, pp. 76 ff. [50] _Impressions of South Africa_, 3d ed., p. 352. [51] William Schneider. [52] _West African Studies_, Chap. V. [53] _Op. cit._ [54] _Impressions of South Africa._ [55] Frobenius: _Voice of Africa_, Vol. I. [56] _West African Studies_, p. 107. [57] Nassau: _Fetishism in West Africa_, p. 36. [58] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th ed., XX, 362. [59] _The African Provinces_, II, 345. [60] _Mediterranean Race_, p. 10. [61] Stowe: _Native Races_, etc., pp. 553-554. [62] Quoted in Schneider. [63] Frobenius: _Voice of Africa_, Vol. I, Chap. XIV. [64] Frobenius: _Voice of Africa_, Vol. I. [65] Frobenius: _Voice of Africa_, I, 14-15. [66] Frobenius: _Voice of Africa_, I, 272. [67] Ratzel: _History of Mankind_, II, 313. [68] Atlanta University Publications, No. 11. [69] Robert Lowie in the _New Review_, Sept., 1914. IX THE TRADE IN MEN Color was never a badge of slavery in the ancient or medieval world, nor has it been in the modern world outside of Christian states. Homer sings of a black man, a "reverend herald" Of visage solemn, sad, but sable hue, Short, woolly curls, o'erfleeced his bending head,... Eurybiates, in whose large soul alone, Ulysses viewed an image of his own. Greece and Rome had their chief supplies of slaves from Europe and Asia. Egypt enslaved races of all colors, and if there were more blacks than others among her slaves, there were also more blacks among her nobles and Pharaohs, and both facts are explained by her racial origin and geographical position. The fall of Rome led to a cessation of the slave trade, but after a long interval came the white slave trade of the Saracens and Moors, and finally the modern trade in Negroes. Slavery as it exists universally among primitive people is a system whereby captives in war are put to tasks about the homes and in the fields, thus releasing the warriors for systematic fighting and the women for leisure. Such slavery has been common among all peoples and was wide-spread in Africa. The relative number of African slaves under these conditions was small and the labor not hard; they were members of the family and might and did often rise to high position in the tribe. Remembering that in the fifteenth century there was no great disparity between the civilization of Negroland and that of Europe, what made the striking difference in subsequent development? European civilization, cut off by physical barriers from further incursions of barbaric races, settled more and more to systematic industry and to the domination of one religion; African culture and industries were threatened by powerful barbarians from the west and central regions of the continent and by the Moors in the north, and Islam had only partially converted the leading peoples.