Other parts of South America must be dismissed briefly, because of insufficient data. Colombia and Venezuela, with perhaps eight million people, have at least one-third of their population of Negro and Indian descent. Here Simon Bolivar with his Negro, mulatto, and Indian forces began the war that liberated South America. Central America has a smaller proportion of Negroids, perhaps one hundred thousand in all. Bolivia and Peru have small amounts of Negro blood, while Argentine and Uruguay have very little. The Negro population in these lands is everywhere in process of rapid amalgamation with whites and Indians. FOOTNOTES: [76] H.O. Flipper's translation of Castaneda de Nafera's narrative. [77] Johnston: _Negro in the New World_, p. 109. [78] Bryce: _South America_, pp. 479-480. [79] I.e., mulattoes. [80] _Inter-Racial Problems_, p. 381. [81] Smith: _General History of Virginia_. [82] La Croix: _Memoires sur la Revolution_, I, 253, 408. [83] Marquis d'Hermonas. Cf. Johnston: _Negro in the New World_, p. 158. [84] DeWitt Talmage, in Christian Herald, November 28, 1906. [85] Aimes: _African Institutions in America_ (reprinted from _Journal of American Folk Lore_), p. 25. [86] Brown: _History of San Domingo_, II, 158-159. [87] See Leger: _Hayti_, Chap. XI. [88] Cf. Chapter V, p. 69. [89] Johnston: _Negro in the New World_. XI THE NEGRO IN THE UNITED STATES There were half a million slaves in the confines of the United States when the Declaration of Independence declared "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The land that thus magniloquently heralded its advent into the family of nations had supported the institution of human slavery for one hundred and fifty-seven years and was destined to cling to it eighty-seven years longer. The greatest experiment in Negro slavery as a modern industrial system was made on the mainland of North America and in the confines of the present United States. And this experiment was on such a scale and so long-continued that it is profitable for study and reflection. There were in the United States in its dependencies, in 1910, 9,828,294 persons of acknowledged Negro descent, not including the considerable infiltration of Negro blood which is not acknowledged and often not known. To-day the number of persons called Negroes is probably about ten and a quarter million. These persons are almost entirely descendants of African slaves, brought to America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.