The comparative tests between civilization and barbarism are, broadly speaking, productive industry, intelligence and morality. If we gauge industry by results, we find that the class which forty years ago entered into freedom with empty hands now owns more than $300,000,000 of property by the tax-gatherers' lists. Another estimate--cited by Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart--puts their entire property holdings at $500,000,000. Though most of them are tenants or hired laborers, yet there are more than 173,000 who own their farms. The total number of farms worked by them in the South--owned, leased, or rented on shares--is figured at 700,000. The census of 1900 shows that in almost every profession, trade and handicraft the black race has numerous representatives--their range of occupation and industrial opportunity being far wider in the South than in the North. Taking the whole country, the percentage of adults in gainful pursuits is a trifle higher among blacks than among whites. Allow for the more frequent employment in toil of the black woman; allow, too, for the more intermittent character of black labor,--yet the relative showing is not unfavorable to the enfranchised race. And this comparison touches, too, the more difficult problem of morality,--for industry is itself a chief safeguard of morality. As to intelligence, the statistics show that, roughly speaking, about half the blacks over ten years old can read and write. That is not much below the status of the people of England half a century ago. In the higher fields of intelligence, the American negroes,--there are 9,000,000 of them,--supply to-day a large part of their own teachers, ministers, lawyers and doctors, and in all these professions the standard is steadily rising.