The older heads were satisfied by the moderation and wisdom of the party's principles. The reasonable element among the Abolitionists hailed this first great popular advance, and allied themselves with it. Whittier was the chief minstrel of the campaign. Of those to whom "the Union" had been the talismanic word, that part which cared for nothing better than the Union as it was, with slavery and freedom mixed, supported Buchanan or Fillmore. The part that loved the Union as a means to justice and freedom were for Fremont. The October elections in Pennsylvania and Indiana showed that the first Presidential battle was lost. November confirmed that verdict. New England, New York, Ohio, Illinois, and the Northwest, had been outweighed by the South and its allies, and Buchanan was the next President. But never was defeat met with better courage or higher hopes for the next encounter. Some unknown poet gave the battle-song: Beneath thy skies, November, Thy skies of cloud and rain, Around our blazing camp-fires We close our ranks again. Then sound again the bugle! Call the battle roll anew! If months have well nigh won the field What may not four years do? FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 1: A word should be said as to the frequency with which the _Springfield Republican_ is quoted in this work. The author wrote an earlier book, _The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles_, (Century Co.)--the founder of the Republican. As the background of his life, a careful study was made of the political events during his years of editorial activity, 1844-77. The original matter for this was largely drawn from the files of the _Republican_. In studying the whole ground afresh for the present history, advantage was taken of this material, and further citations were drawn from the same paper. The interpretation of current events by an independent and sagacious newspaper yields invaluable material for the historian; and my study of the _Republican_, from the repeal of the Missouri compromise in 1854 to the present, has heightened my respect for the breadth, sobriety, and moral insight with which it judged the questions of the day.] CHAPTER XV THREE TYPICAL SOUTHERNERS In the group of leaders of public sentiment in the '30s and '40s, as sketched in Chapter V, some of the foremost--Clay, Webster, and Birney--were influential in both sections of the country. But in the next decade the division is clear between the leaders of the South and of the North. Let us glance at two separate groups.