Altitude, gauged by boiling point of water, 60, 61; wind’s velocity increases with, 109-111; man’s adjustment to life at high, 186, 187; temperature at high, 210-212; amelioration of disease by moderate, 248, 249, 250 Altitudes, the cold and stillness in the higher, 10, 11 American Weather Service, development of, 291-306. _See_ also UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU Ammonia, 33 Aneroid barometer, volunteer observers and the, 66; forecasting weather with the, 74-79 Animal life, necessity of oxygen to, 35 Anti-cyclone, general cause of, 98; general whirl of, 103; gyration of, 108, 109; an area of high pressure, 119 Appalachian Mountains, effects of higher elevation of, 231, 232 Argentine Republic, Christmas Day in, 274 Argon, 33 Arrows, on weather map fly with wind, 116, 118 Artificial rain making, experiments with, 288, 289 Asia, and monsoon winds, 106; hottest and coldest places in, 279-280 Astoria, Wash., climate of, 210 Atlantic Ocean, temperatures of waters of, 177 Atmosphere, of the sun, 2; of Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn, 3; carbon dioxide in, 5; thickness of earth’s, 6; how it is warmed, 8; absorption of heat rays by, 8; water vapor in earth’s, 8; temperature of isothermal stratum of, 11; gases of, in mechanical not chemical union, 32; importance of proper proportions of gases of the, 32; table of component parts of, 33; beneficial effects of cold wave on, 36, 37; dust motes and illumination of the, 45; data meager as to circulation of upper, 103, 104; storms and cold waves great eddies in the, 118; variations in temperature due to motion of, 163, 164; absorption of solar rays by the, 166-168 Atmospheres, how they are formed, 1; how maintained and how lost, 5; earth’s four, 29-47 Atmospheric air, composition of, 29-37 Atoms, early belief in formation of all matter of, 30; present knowledge of, 30, 31; composition of, 31; of various elements, 31, 32 Australia, and monsoon winds, 107; hottest and coldest places in, 280 Bacteria, and putrefaction diminish with elevation and over seas, 10; absence of, at high altitudes, 43; gathered by snow, ice, and water, 43; destroyed by sunshine, 248 Balloon, use of, in meteorological research, 19; record of temperatures at high altitudes by, 124, 210-212 Barometer, discovered by Torricelli, 23; aneroid, 66; forecasting weather with the aneroid, 74-79; table for forecasting weather by, 76; discovery of principle of, 77-79; effect of storms on, 79; low at Poles, 103; data from, in meteorological science, 292, 293 Bathing, fresh and salt water, 249 Berlin, Germany, temperature of earth at great depth at, 179; Christmas Day in, 271