England, second nation to establish weather service, 297 Equator, circulation of wind and temperature at, 99; belt of calms at, 99 Equatorial currents, 202, 203 Equinoctial storm, 140 Equinox, significance of, 140 Equinoxes (Fig. 21), 163 Espy, James P., his theory of continuation of storms, 156, 296 Ether, in outer space, 7; transmission of sun’s rays by, 7, 8; interstellar space filled with, 48; man’s ignorance of structure of, 48; transmission of solar energy through, 49 Eurasia, cooling of continent of, in winter, 106; extremes of temperature in continent of, 195-197 Europe, sections of, where climatic conditions are best, 245; hottest and coldest places in, 279 Evaporation, 58, 59; cooling effects of, 74; and frost, 92; lowers temperature of wet soil, 180 Fahrenheit Scale, compared with Centigrade, 67, 68 Floods, influence of forests on, 240-244; flow of, not restricted by forests, 244 Florida, climate of Bermuda compared with that of, 256-261 Fog, formation of, 92, 288; and frost, 92; temperature as affected by, 172 Föhn winds, 107 Forecasting, general rules for, 149-153; importance of use of weather map in, 149; the temperature by amateurs, 149, 151; expectations of future, 303, 304; fake, 304 Forests, exaggerated idea of influence of, on climate, 198, 200; their influence on climate and floods, 240-244; the author’s opinion on, 241; as conservers of rainfall, 241; mistaken idea of value of, as conservers, 243; need of protection of, 243; restrict flow of moderate rainfall but not floods, 244 Fossil remains, as evidence of changes of climate, 239 France, third nation to establish weather service, 297 Franklin, Benjamin, his study and theory of storm movements, 293-296 Freezing, of fresh and salt water, 173-175; height of, cold in free air, 185 Frost, 85-97; causes of formation of, 85; light, heavy and killing, 86; dew point in relation to, 89, 90; black, 90; locality and immunity from, 90, 91; conditions conducive to, 91; Weather Bureau observations on, 91, 92; evaporation and, 92; cultivation of land surface and, 93-95; effect of sand covering on, 94, 95; dates of killing, spring and fall, 96, 97, 287 Fuel, proper humidity and conservation of, 73, 74 Galileo, and the thermometer, 23, 292, 293 Gases of the atmosphere, in mechanical not chemical union, 32; importance of proper proportions of, 32 Geology, evidence of changes of climate given by, 239 Germs, in the atmosphere, 33 Glacial periods, 239 Glaciers, movement of, 60; recession and advancement of, 239 Glashier, English meteorologist, balloon ascension by, 20 Gold, nucleus of atom of, 32 Gram-calorie, unit of heat, 51 Great Ice Cap, possible return of, 240