Rome, Italy, Christmas Day in, 272 Rotation of earth, deflection caused by, 107-109 Russia, Christmas Day in, 273 St. Louis, Mo., tornado of 1896 in, 146-148 St. Paul, Minn., climate of, 210 Salt, in atmosphere, 33 Samoa, annual range of temperature in, 169 Sand, as a preventive of frost, 94, 95 San Diego, Cal., lowest temperature recorded at, 129; meteorological statistics for, 263 Sanitaria, 250 San Juan, Porto Rico, climate of, 253, 254 Santiago, Chili, Christmas Day in, 274 Saturation, point of, 38; dew point and, 38; varies according to temperature of air, 38, 39 Saturn, atmosphere of, 3; and heat from sun, 3 Schroeder, Major R. W., 11; altitude record of, 20; experience of, 20 _Scientific American, The_, on statistics of climate, 265, 266 Sea air, beneficial effects of, 249 Seasons, cause of change of, 166-168; reversal of, in the northern and southern hemispheres, 169; conditions resulting in no, 188, 190; forces that influence and control the, 188-190 Silver, nucleus of atom of, 32; best conductor of heat among the metals, 54 Sleet, snow and the formation of, 286, 287 Smith, Robert Angus, on carbon dioxide, 34, 36 Smithson, James, 297 Smithsonian Institution, 296; activities in practical meteorology, 297 Snow, water vapor in congealed form, 285; beauty and variety of crystals of, 286; and the formation of sleet, 286, 287 Solar energy, transmission of, through the ether, 49 Solids, heat expands most, 59 Solstices (Figs. 22 and 23), summer and winter, 164; (Fig. 26), 167 Sound waves, difference between heat, light, and, 51; length of, 51; velocity of, 51, 52 South America, and monsoon winds, 107; hottest and coldest places in, 278 Space, ether in outer, 7, 48; temperature of outer, 9; darkness of outer, 9; the proof of lack of light in, 9, 10; transmission of heat through, 48; absence of atmosphere in, 48 Stars, size of, and distance from earth, 162 Statistics, tables of meteorological, 262-264; _The Scientific American_ on climate, 265, 266 Steel, burns in liquid air, 9 Storm, in winter of 1893, 117-123; Franklin’s study and theory of, movements, 293-296; abnormal movement of some, centers, 300