These provisions apply also to the floating of timber on navigable waterways. Only the Commonwealth imposes on foreign ships and their cargoes other or higher charges than on German ships and their cargoes. For the procurement of means for the maintenance and development of the German system of waterways the Commonwealth may by law call on the shipping interests for contributions also in other ways [than by tolls]. ARTICLE 100 To cover the cost of maintenance and construction of inland navigation routes any person or body of persons who in other ways than through navigation derives profit from the construction of dams may also be called upon by national law for contributions, if several States are involved or the Commonwealth bears the costs of construction. ARTICLE 101 It is the duty of the Commonwealth to acquire ownership of and to operate all aids to navigation, especially lighthouses, lightships, buoys, floats and beacons. After they are taken over, aids to navigation may be installed or extended only by the Commonwealth or with its consent. _SECTION VII_ THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ARTICLE 102 Judges are independent and subject only to the law. ARTICLE 103 Ordinary jurisdiction will be exercised by the National Judicial Court and the courts of the States. ARTICLE 104 Judges of ordinary jurisdiction are appointed for life. They may against their wishes be permanently or temporarily removed from office, or transferred to another position, or retired, only by virtue of a judicial decision and for the reasons and in the forms provided by law. The law may fix an age limit on reaching which judges may be retired. Temporary suspension from office in accordance with law is not affected by this Article. If there is a reorganization of the courts or of the judicial districts, the State department of justice may order involuntary transfers to another court or removal from office, but only with allowance of full salary. These provisions do not apply to judges of commercial tribunals, lay associates, and jurymen. ARTICLE 105 Extraordinary courts are illegal. No one may be removed from the jurisdiction of his lawful judge. Provisions of law relating to military courts and courts-martial are not affected hereby. Military courts of honour are abolished. ARTICLE 106 Military jurisdiction is abolished except in time of war and on board war-vessels. Details will be regulated by national law. ARTICLE 107 There shall be administrative courts both in the Commonwealth and in the States, in accordance with the laws, to protect the individual against orders and decrees of administrative authorities. ARTICLE 108 In accordance with a national law a Supreme Judicial Court will be established for the German Commonwealth. PART TWO Fundamental Rights and Duties of Germans _SECTION I_ THE INDIVIDUAL ARTICLE 109 All Germans are equal before the law. Men and women have fundamentally the same civil rights and duties.