The Government of Sir Robert Peel put forth its full strength to crush O’Connell, and the repeal movement. In 1844 O’Connell was tried by a packed bench and a packed jury for seditious conspiracy, found guilty, and sent to jail. His trial was one of the most scandalous incidents in the history of British rule in Ireland, during the nineteenth century. “The most eminent Catholic in the Empire,” says Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, “a man whose name was familiar to every Catholic in the world, was placed upon his trial in the Catholic Metropolis of a Catholic country before four judges and twelve jurors, among whom there was not a single Catholic.” It is well known that the condemnation of O’Connell by this tribunal was too much even for the House of Lords, which quashed the conviction and set O’Connell free. In 1847 O’Connell died, and a terrible famine swept over the land decimating the people. Before the famine the population of Ireland was 8,175,124, three years afterwards it had sunk to 6,574,278. But that was not the end. The “Young Ireland” party had sprung out of the repeal movement. The “Young Irelanders” began as constitutional agitators. Like O’Connell himself they simply demanded the repeal of the Union. But they gradually became more extreme, and, ultimately, under the influence of the wave of revolution, which swept over Europe in 1848, drifted into insurrection. The rising of 1848 was quickly put down, and the “Young Ireland” leaders were banished beyond the seas. All seemed lost. Ireland was in despair. Yet the seed, sown by O’Connell and the “Young Irelanders,” took root. The fruit was gathered in our own day. Home Rule sprang out of the one movement, and Fenianism out of the other. “The spirit of National Independence,” says Mr. Froude, “is like a fire, so long as a spark remains a conflagration can be kindled.” The fire of nationality burned low during the Melbourne Administration; but rekindled by O’Connell in 1842, and fanned into flame by “Young Ireland,” it was not put out by the misfortunes and disasters in which the first forty-eight years of the Union closed. V