In the passage of the McKinley Tariff Bill it was noticed that a third body was sharing largely in such legislation. After each house had passed the bill and disagreements on amendments had been reached, it was sent to a Joint Committee of Conference whose report was, by rule, unamendable. In the Conference Committee the bill was finally shaped, and so shaped that the Republican majority was forced to accept it or none. The party leaders who sat on the Committee of Conference were a third house with almost despotic power, and were, as well, men whose association with manufacturing districts or protected interests raised a fair question as to the impartiality of their decisions. The Republican reply, in their hands, to the assertion that the tariff was the mother of trusts was to raise the tariff still higher and to forbid the trusts to engage in interstate commerce. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The _Life of Henry Demarest Lloyd_, by C. Lloyd (2 vols., 1912) contains an admirable and sympathetic survey of the growth of anti-trust feeling, and should be supplemented by the writings of H.D. Lloyd, more particularly, "The Story of a Great Monopoly" (in _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1881), and _Wealth against Commonwealth_ (1894). The philosophy of Henry George is best stated in his _Progress and Poverty_ (1879), and is presented biographically by H. George, Jr., in his _Life of Henry George_ (1900). The most popular romance of the decade is based upon an economic hypothesis: E. Bellamy, _Looking Backward_ (1887). J.W. Jenks, _The Trust Problem_ (1900, etc.), has become a classic sketch of the economics of industrial concentration. The histories of the Standard Oil Company, by I.M. Tarbell (2 vols., 1904) and G.H. Montague (1903), are based largely upon judicial and congressional investigations. The Sherman Law is discussed in the writings and biographies of Sherman, Hoar, and Edmunds, and in A. H. Walker, _History of the Sherman Law_ (1910). For the election of 1888, consult Stanwood, Andrews, Peck, the _Annual Cyclopaedia_, the tariff histories, and D.R. Dewey, _National Problems, 1885-1897_ (in _The American Nation_, vol. 24, 1907). CHAPTER XI THE FARMERS' CAUSE