Negro, the, would not work at close of war, 40; a social and economic problem, 41, 42; made a voter by Congress, 43, 45, 48; elimination of control by, 51, 52, 54; a factor in Republican national convention, 98, 99; becomes a farm owner, 194; suppressed outside the law, 196; bad qualities of, 198; practically disfranchised in South, 199, 200; advances in literacy, 202; distribution of, 202, 203; Roosevelt's attitude toward, 289, 290. Newlands Reclamation Act, 291. New Mexico, 152, 154; becomes a State, 330. New South, the, has but one political party of consequence, 192; dissatisfied farmer vote in, 193; disintegration of plantations, 194; oppressed by its agricultural system, 195; practically disfranchises negroes, 196-200; education in, 201, 202; border traits of, 202; a modern industrial community, 203; development of cities, 205. Nez Perces, outbreak of, 86. Nicaragua Canal, 134, 286. North, S.N.D., and the Dingley Bill, 254. North Dakota, admitted to Union, 152. Northern Pacific Railroad, 143, 295; and panic of 1873, 63, 65; finished under direction of Henry Villard, 144. Northern Securities Company, 296, 299. Oklahoma, Indians colonized in, 151; opened to white settlers, 151; becomes a State, 319. Olney, Richard, 230, 231. Oregon, the, spectacular voyage of, 274, 286. Overproduction, menace of, 96. Palmer, John M., 238. Panama, Republic of, 288. Panama Canal, begun by De Lesseps, 144, 286; determined on by Congress and President Roosevelt, 287, 288; Panama grants concession, 289; first boats pass through, 289; dispute over sea-level and lock systems, 316-17. Pan-American Conference at Rio de Janeiro, 318. Pan-American Congress, 106, 109. Panic of 1857, the, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12. Panic of 1873, the, 62-74; Jay Cooke's connection with, 62-65; real causes of, 64, 65; reduces revenues, 115; often attributed to low rates of Wilson Bill, 254. Parker, Judge Alton B., Democratic candidate for President (1904), 305; defeated, 306. Payne, Sereno E., 326. Peabody, George, creates fund to relieve negro illiteracy, 201. Pendleton, George H., 30, 31. Penrose, Boies, 253, 342. Pension Bureau, 137; important through alliance with the soldiers, 172. Pensions, influence of soldier vote on, 136; for service only, 137; amounts spent on, 137, 138; system criticized by Southern farmers, 178; used millions of the national surplus, 216. People's Party. 184; to right all wrongs of the plain people, 186, 187; becomes a finished organization, 208, 209; demands of, 210. Petroleum trust, 164, 165. Philippine Islands, ceded to United States, 273; revolt in, under Aguinaldo, 278. Pierpont, Francis A., 47. Pike, James S., author of _The Prostrate State_, 51. Pinchot, Gifford, 328. Pious Fund dispute, the, 283.