[113] A. H. Lybyer, "The Turkish Parliament," _Proceedings of the American Political Science Association_, Vol. VII., p. 67 (1910). [114] Vambery, _op. cit._, p. 307. [115] A good account of these liberal movements during the nineteenth century is found in Vambery, "Freiheitliche Bestrebungen im moslimischen Asien," _Deutsche Rundschau_, October, 1893; a shorter summary of Vambery's views is found in his _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_, especially chap. v. Also, see articles by Leon Cahun, previously noted, in Lavisse et Rambaud, _Histoire Generale_, Vols. XI. and XII. [116] Vambery, _supra_, p. 332. [117] Vambery, _La Turquie d'aujourd'hui et d'avant Quarante Ans_, p. 22 (Paris, 1898). [118] W. Morgan Shuster, _The Strangling of Persia_, p. xxi (New York, 1912). [119] Cromer, _Political and Literary Essays_, pp. 25-28. [120] E. J. Dillon, "Persia not Ripe for Self-Government," _Contemporary Review_, April, 1910. [121] E. Mercier, _La Question indigene_, p. 220 (Paris, 1901). [122] "Egypt," No. 1 (1914), p. 6. [123] Rev. J. P. Jones, "The Present Situation in India," _Journal of Race Development_, July, 1910. [124] Dr. T. Madavan Nair, "Caste and Democracy," _Edinburgh Review_, October, 1918. [125] Bukhsh, _Essays: Indian and Islamic_, pp. 213-214 (London, 1912). [126] _I. e._, the increase of self-government granted India by Britain as a result of the Montagu-Chelmsford Report. [127] E. Bevan, "The Reforms in India," _The New Europe_, January 29, 1920. [128] Vambery, _La Turquie d'aujourd'hui et d'avant Quarante Ans_, p. 58. [129] G. W. Bury, _Pan-Islam_, pp. 202-203 (London, 1919). [130] The assembly of religious notables. [131] A. H. Lybyer, "The Turkish Parliament," _Proceedings of the American Political Science Association_, Vol. VII., pp. 66-67 (1910). [132] The name of the Persian Parliament. [133] Shuster, _The Strangling of Persia_, pp. 240-246. [134] _Ibid._, p. 333. [135] _I. e._, the British Government of India. [136] _I. e._, the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, previously noted. [137] Lionel Curtis, _Letters to the People of India on Responsible Government_, pp. 159-160 (London, 1918). CHAPTER V NATIONALISM The spirit of nationality is one of the great dynamics of modern times. In Europe, where it first attained self-conscious maturity, it radically altered the face of things during the nineteenth century, so that that century is often called the Age of Nationalities. But nationalism is not merely a European phenomenon. It has spread to the remotest corners of the earth, and is apparently still destined to effect momentous transformations.