[198] Regarding the Indian native princes, see Archer and Chirol, _supra_. Also J. Pollen, "Native States and Indian Home Rule," _Asiatic Review_, January 1, 1917; The Maharajah of Bobbili, _Advice to the Indian Aristocracy_ (Madras, 1905); articles by Sir D. Barr and Sir F. Younghusband in _The Empire and the Century_ (London, 1905). [199] A good symposium of extremist comment is contained in Chirol, _supra_. Also see J. D. Rees, _The Real India_ (London, 1908); series of extremist articles in _The Open Court_, March, 1917. A good sample of extremist literature is the fairly well-known pamphlet _India's "Loyalty" to England_ (1915). [200] Discussed in the preceding chapter. [201] Quoted in Chapter IV. [202] Lord Sydenham, "India," _Contemporary Review_, November, 1918. For similar criticisms of the Montagu-Chelmsford proposals, see G. M. Chesney, _India under Experiment_ (London, 1918); "The First Stage towards Indian Anarchy," _Spectator_, December 20, 1919. [203] Lionel Curtis, _Letters to the People of India on Responsible Government_, already quoted at the end of Chapter IV. [204] Sir V. Chirol, "India in Travail," _Edinburgh Review_, July, 1918. [205] _I. e._, self-government, in the extremist sense--practically independence. CHAPTER VII ECONOMIC CHANGE One of the most interesting phenomena of modern world-history is the twofold conquest of the East by the West. The word "conquest" is usually employed in a political sense, and calls up visions of embattled armies subduing foreign lands and lording it over distant peoples. Such political conquests in the Orient did of course occur, and we have already seen how, during the past century, the decrepit states of the Near and Middle East fell an easy prey to the armed might of the European Powers. But what is not so generally realized is the fact that this political conquest was paralleled by an economic conquest perhaps even more complete and probably destined to produce changes of an even more profound and enduring character. The root-cause of this economic conquest was the Industrial Revolution. Just as the voyages of Columbus and Da Gama gave Europe the strategic mastery of the ocean and thereby the political mastery of the world, so the technical inventions of the later eighteenth century which inaugurated the Industrial Revolution gave Europe the economic mastery of the world. These inventions in fact heralded a new Age of Discovery, this time into the realms of science. The results were, if possible, more momentous even than those of the age of geographical discovery three centuries before. They gave our race such increased mastery over the resources of nature that the ensuing transformation of economic life swiftly and utterly transformed the face of things.