[248] For progress in Western education in the Orient, under both European and native auspices, see L. Bertrand, _Le Mirage oriental_, pp. 291-392; C. S. Cooper, _The Modernizing of the Orient_, pp. 3-13, 24-64. [249] In his Introduction to Sir Valentine Chirol's _Indian Unrest_, p. xii. [250] Cromer, _Modern Egypt_, Vol. II., pp. 228-243. [251] J. D. Rees, _The Real India_, p. 162 (London, 1908). [252] Vambery, _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_, pp. 203-204. [253] H. E. Compton, _Indian Life in Town and Country_, p. 98 (London, 1904). [254] Vambery, _La Turquie d'aujourd'hui et d'avant Quarante Ans_, p. 32. [255] Cooper, _op. cit._, pp. 48-49. [256] On this point of comfort _v._ luxury, see especially Sir Bampfylde Fuller, "East and West: A Study of Differences," _Nineteenth Century and After_, November, 1911. [257] L. Bertrand, _op. cit._, 145-147; J. Chailley, _Administrative Problems of British India_, pp. 138-139. For increased expenditure on Western products, see A. J. Brown, "Economic Changes in Asia," _The Century_, March, 1904; J. P. Jones, "The Present Situation in India," _Journal of Race Development_, July, 1910; R. Mukerjee, _The Foundations of Indian Economics_, p. 5. [258] For higher cost of living in the East, see Chirol, _Indian Unrest_, pp. 2-3; Fisher, _India's Silent Revolution_, pp. 46-60; Jones, _op. cit._; T. T. Williams, "Inquiry into the Rise of Prices in India," _Economic Journal_, December, 1915. [259] Brown, _op. cit._ [260] At the beginning of the nineteenth century the population of India is roughly estimated to have been about 100,000,000. According to the census of 1911 the population was 315,000,000. [261] Sir W. W. Hunter, _The India of the Queen and Other Essays_, p. 42 (London, 1903). [262] Cromer, "Some Problems of Government in Europe and Asia," _Nineteenth Century and After_, May, 1913. [263] Archer, _India and the Future_, pp. 157, 162 (London), 1918. [264] P. K. Wattal, of the Indian Finance Department, Assistant Accountant-General. The book was published at Bombay, 1916. [265] Wattal, pp. i-iii. [266] Wattal, p. 3. [267] _Ibid._, p. 12. [268] Wattal, p. 14. [269] _Ibid._, pp. 19-21. [270] Wattal, p. 28. [271] _Ibid._, p. 82. [272] For conditions in the Near East, see Bertrand, pp. 110, 124, 125-128. [273] H. N. Brailsford, _The War of Steel and Gold_, pp. 112-113. See also T. Rothstein, _Egypt's Ruin_, pp. 298-300 (London, 1910), Sir W. W. Ramsay, "The Turkish Peasantry of Anatolia," _Quarterly Review_, January, 1918. [274] Dr. D. Ross, "Wretchedness a Cause of Political Unrest," _The Survey_, February 18, 1911. [275] Bertrand, _op. cit._, pp. 111-112. [276] _I. e._, in 1900. [277] Fisher, _India's Silent Revolution_, p. 51. [278] G. W. Stevens, _In India_. Quoted by Fisher, p. 51. [279] Dr. Bhalchandra Krishna. Quoted by A. Yusuf Ali, _Life and Labour in India_, p. 35 (London, 1907). [280] Fisher, pp. 51-52. [281] Bertrand, p. 141.