[27] Though Mecca is forbidden to non-Moslems, a few Europeans have managed to make the Hajj in disguise, and have written their impressions. Of these, Snouck Hurgronje's _Mekka_ (2 vols., The Hague, 1888) and _Het Mekkaansche Feest_ (Leiden, 1889) are the most recent good works. Also see Burton and Burckhardt. A recent account of value from the pen of a Mohammedan liberal is: Gazanfar Ali Khan, _With the Pilgrims to Mecca; The Great Pilgrimage of A. H. 1319 (A.D. 1902)_, with an Introduction by Arminius Vambery (London, 1905). [28] The Shiite Persians of course refused to recognize any Sunnite or orthodox caliphate; while the Moors pay spiritual allegiance to their own Shereefian sultans. [29] The Turkish name for Constantinople. [30] On the caliphate, see Sir W. Muir, _The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall_ (Edinburgh, 1915); Sir Mark Sykes, _The Caliph's Last Heritage_ (London, 1915); XX, "L'Islam apres la Guerre," _Revue de Paris_, 15 January, 1916; "The Indian Khilafat Delegation," _Foreign Affairs_, July, 1920 (Special Supplement). [31] Literally, "he who is guided aright." [32] "Seyid" means "Lord." This title is borne only by descendants of the Prophet. [33] The explorer Dr. Nachtigal. [34] On the Islamic fraternities in general and the Sennussiya in particular see W. S. Blunt, _The Future of Islam_ (London, 1882); O. Depont and X. Coppolani, _Les Confreries religieuses musulmanes_ (Paris, 1897); H. Duveyrier, _La Confrerie musulmane de Sidi Mohammed ben Ali es Senoussi_ (Paris, 1884); A. Le Chatelier, _Les Confreries musulmanes du Hedjaz_ (Paris, 1887); L. Petit, _Confreries musulmanes_ (Paris, 1899); L. Rinn, _Marabouts et Khouan_ (Algiers, 1884); A. Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_ (Constantine, Algeria, 1913); Simian, _Les Confreries islamiques en Algerie_ (Algiers, 1910); Achmed Abdullah (himself a Sennussi), "The Sennussiyehs," _The Forum_, May, 1914; A. R. Colquhoun, "Pan-Islam," _North American Review_, June, 1906; T. R. Threlfall, "Senussi and His Threatened Holy War," _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1900; Captain H. A. Wilson, "The Moslem Menace," _Nineteenth Century and After_, September, 1907; ... "La Puissance de l'Islam: Ses Confreries Religieuses," _Le Correspondant_, 25 November and 10 December, 1909. The above judgments, particularly regarding the Sennussiya, vary greatly, some being highly alarmist, others minimizing its importance. A full balancing of the entire subject is that of Commandant Binger, "Le Peril de l'Islam," _Bulletin du Comite de l'Afrique francaise_, 1902. Personal interviews of educated Moslems with El Sennussi are Si Mohammed el Hechaish, "Chez les Senoussia et les Touareg," _L'Expansion Coloniale francaise_, 1900; Muhammad ibn Utman, _Voyage au Pays des Senoussia a travers la Tripolitaine_ (translated from the Arabic), Paris, 1903.