[77] _Cycloderma_, the Leathery Fresh-water Turtle. [78] This great lake was in reality nothing but the lake-like course of the Upper Congo. The words for river and lake in almost all African languages are the same. [79] She usually signed herself Alexine. Her full name was Alexandrina Petronella Francina Tinne. The name is spelt without an accented _e_, and is pronounced as it would be in German. [80] Her nephew, Mr. John Tinne, however, informs the present writer that his aunt once wrote to him saying that “ever since she was a little girl doing lessons she had longed to see what there was on the great blank spot on the map of Africa.” [81] This account of the death of Miss Tinne is derived from information very kindly supplied to the author by her nephew, Theodore F. S. Tinne, Esq., of Hawkhurst, Kent. [82] She was only thirty-three at the time of her death. [83] France was dogged with continual ill-luck in her attempts to open up and explore the Nile basin. Expedition after expedition and explorer after explorer, despatched directly or indirectly under French auspices, failed (generally by death from fever) in grasping the great discoveries which fell to more fortunate Germans and Englishmen. [84] They were, however, first mentioned by Piaggia. [85] Heuglin forestalled him, perhaps, as regards the Gray Parrot. [86] These people do not call themselves by the designation. It is one applied to them by the Arabs as a nickname, indicating the gusto with which they eat human flesh. They themselves acknowledge several names, such as Azande and Makarka. [87] Pierced by the ants so that they become whistles played on by the wind. [88] First of all revealed to our notice by the Italian explorer, Piaggia, who succeeded Miani and preceded Dr. Schweinfurth. [89] A gifted French explorer who attempted to forestall other expeditions in discovering the Central African lakes. He was murdered about a hundred miles inland from Zanzibar. [90] Younger brother of Adolphe Linant, an early Nile explorer of 1827 and 1828. [91] In a pamphlet written in conjunction with Mr. Kerry Nichols and Colonel J. A. Grant, published in 1876, by William Clowes. [92] Romolo Gessi was a Levantine Italian, born at Constantinople in 1831, who had gradually drifted into the employment of the Egyptian government. He became a Pasha after Gordon’s departure from the Sudan in 1880. [93] Now Colonel Watson, R.E. In 1874–1875 Lieutenant C. M. Watson, accompanied by Lieutenant Chippendall, made an admirable survey of the main Nile from Khartum to Gondokoro, and later assisted Gordon in completing this survey up to Lake Albert. [94] A portion of this is often called Makarka. [95] During this struggle Gessi was hard put to it for food, but he quaintly notes that “Of all our troops only the Makarka and Nyam-nyam remained healthy, owing to their feeding on human flesh. Directly after a battle they cut off the feet of the dead, and consumed these, together with their brains.”