matched by the free intermixture of eastern and western culture in the kingdom of Sicily. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The annals of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and Sicily are best given by F. Chalandon, _Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile_ (Paris, 1907), I. O. Delarc, _Les Normands en Italie_ (Paris, 1883), is fuller on the period before 1073, but less critical. The Byzantine side of the story is given by J. Gay, _L’Italie méridionale et l’empire byzantin_ (Paris, 1904); the Saracen, by Michele Amari, _Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia_ (Florence, 1854–72), III. There is nothing in English fuller than the introductory chapters of E. Curtis, _Roger of Sicily_ (New York, 1912). Interesting historical sketches of particular localities will be found in F. Lenormant, _La Grande-Grèce_ (Paris, 1881–84); and F. Gregorovius, _Apulische Landschaften_ (Leipzig, 1877). On the sanctuary of St. Michael on Monte Gargano, see E. Gothein, _Die Culturentwickelung Süd-Italiens_ (Breslau, 1886), pp. 41–111. * * * * * No study has been made of the Normans in Spain; for the pilgrimages to Compostela, see Bédier, _Les légendes épiques_, III. For the Normans in the Byzantine empire see G. Schlumberger, “Deux chefs normands des armées byzantines,” in _Revue historique_, XVI, pp. 289–303 (1881). * * * * * There is nothing on the share of the Normans in the Crusades analogous to P. Riant, _Les Scandinaves en Terre Sainte_ (Paris, 1865). The details can be picked out of R. Röhricht, _Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem_ (Innsbruck, 1898), and _Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges_ (Innsbruck, 1901). There is no satisfactory biography of Robert Curthose; the legends concerning him are discussed by Gaston Paris in _Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions_, 1890, pp. 207 _ff._ For the Norman princes of Antioch, see B. Kugler, _Boemund und Tankred_ (Tübingen, 1862); and G. Rey’s articles in the _Revue de l’Orient latin_, IV, pp. 321–407, VIII, pp. 116–57 (1896, 1900). VIII THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY