Our survey of Norman history might perhaps stop here; but it needs to be rounded out in two directions. We have been so busy with the external history of the Norman empire and with the constitutional developments to which it gave rise, that we have had no time to examine the society and culture of Normandy in its flourishing period of imperialism. And we have been concentrating our attention so exclusively on the dominions of the Plantagenets that we have left out of view that greater Normandy to the south which constitutes one of the most brilliant chapters of Norman achievement and one of the most fascinating subjects of European history. These topics will be the themes of the three remaining lectures. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The best account of the downfall of the Norman empire is Powicke, _The Loss of Normandy_, where abundant references will be found to further material. The general narratives of Adams, Davis, and Ramsay may also be consulted, as well as Miss Norgate, _John Lackland_ (London, 1902). For the French side see Luchaire, in Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, III, 1. The fullest treatment of relations between the Plantagenets and France, down to 1199, is A. Cartellieri, _Philipp II. August_ (Leipzig, 1899–1910), supplemented by his _Richard Löwenherz im heiligen Lande_, in _Historische Zeitschrift_, CI, pp. 1–27 (1908), and _Philipp II. August und der Zusammenbruch des angiovinischen Reiches_ (Leipzig, 1913). For the controversy concerning John’s condemnation by the court of Philip, see Gross, _Sources and Literature_, nos. 2829, 2833. Characterizations of Richard and John by Stubbs will be found in his _Historical Introductions_, pp. 315 _ff._, 439 _ff._ J. Lehmann, _Johann ohne Land_ (Berlin, 1904), is more favorable to John. The biography of the Young King is traced by P. C. E. Hodgson, _Jung Heinrich, König von England_ (Jena, 1906). There is no general work on the English occupation of Normandy in the fifteenth century; the scattered monographs are mentioned in Prentout, _La Normandie_, pp. 71–76. Something may be expected from the continuation of the late J. H. Wylie’s work on the reign of Henry V. VI NORMAN LIFE AND CULTURE