But once we are in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the objections to this theory are formidable indeed. In the first place, Professor Steensby is compelled to keep Karlsefni in Straumsfjord (the St. Lawrence) throughout, and to make Hóp a point actually in the fjord. This is quite inconsistent with our authority. The climatic conditions of Straumsfjord and Hóp appear to have been markedly different, and the language everywhere implies that it was necessary to leave the one place to reach the other. Secondly, the author under consideration is forced to place Keelness _after_ Furdustrands and close to the Straumsfjord base. The saga, however, before mentioning Furdustrands, states ‘there was a cape (Keelness) where they arrived’, i.e. it was the first point sighted after leaving Markland. Again, in reverse order from Straumsfjord, ‘Thorhall wished to go north by Furdustrands and past Keelness.’ Straumsey is identified with Hare Island, which even at the present day is described as ‘densely wooded’, an unlikely place, one would think, for quantities of breeding sea-fowl, and ill-adapted as a pasture land for cattle. Finally, Professor Steensby’s ‘Hóp’, at St. Thomas, faces north, which is in conflict with the saga, where we are told more than once that the Skrælings came in from the south. From the situation of Karlsefni’s camp by the ‘lake’ it is clear that the arrival of the savages could only have been perceived after they had entered the estuary, which must accordingly, if the authority is to be trusted, have faced south rather than north. St. Thomas, being slightly south of the 47th parallel, is within the possible limits of the eyktarstad observation. This, however, is only true if we understand that the sun set at that precise point on the day in question. As I have elsewhere pointed out, it would be too strange a coincidence to be readily accepted if the Norsemen settled at a spot where the sun, exactly on the shortest day of the year, covered at the very moment of setting one of the eight marks fixed in a totally different latitude for the purpose of determining three-hour intervals. We are therefore forced to the conclusion that the sun had _not_ set at the moment in question, but was up at this point so as to be capable of being used. This being so, a latitude far south of the computed limit is indicated, and, as regards this observation, Professor Steensby’s Hóp is within an area too near this limit to be at all probable. VII. THE VOYAGES IN DETAIL: BJARNI, LEIF, THORVALD _Bjarni Herjulfson._