of it, taken from a history of Wales by Dr. Powell, was published by Hakluyt, in 1589. As this claim can have no relation to our subject, we refrain from a discussion of it here.[218] The only remaining theory, and probably the most important of all, because of its purely scientific character, which presents itself for our consideration, is that which not only considers the civilization of ancient America to have been indigenous, but also claims the inhabitants themselves to have been autochthonic; in a word, that by process of evolution or in some other way, the first Americans were either developed from a lower order in the animal kingdom or were created on the soil of this continent. As the latter theory involves a denial of the unity of the race, it requires a separate and critical examination. CHAPTER IV. THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS AS VIEWED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SCIENCE. Origin Theories — Indigenous Origin — Separate Creation Theory — Dr. Morton’s Theory — Agassiz’s Views — Dr. Morton’s Cranial Measurements Classified — Prof. Wilson’s Measurements — Dr. Morton’s Theory of Ethnic Unity Groundless — Ethnic Relationships — Typical Mound-skull — Crania from the River Rouge — Dr. Farquharson’s Measurements — Crania from Kentucky — Researches in Tennessee by Prof. Jones — Measurements — Prof. Putnam’s Collection of Crania from Tennessee Mounds — Low Type Crania from the Mounds — Development Observable in Mound Crania — Head-Flattening Derived from Asia — Diseases of the Mound-builders — Physiognomy of the Ancient Americans — Languages — Evolution and its Bearing on the Origin of the American — Darwin and Hæckel on the Indigenous American — The Autochthonic Hypothesis Groundless — Unity of the Human Family — Accepted Chronology Faulty. The want of evidence for the theories which designate particular nations as the first colonizers of the Western Continent, long ago produced a feeling of distrust, which led some to repudiate all claims for the foreign origin of the first inhabitants of this continent. This theory, which claims for the most ancient inhabitants an autochthonic origin, has had from time to time among its advocates some of the most respectable ethnologists. The character of their attainments, and in many cases their arguments in behalf of this most remarkable hypothesis, command the respect of all who are interested in this fascinating field of speculation.